INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

BUNGA REFIRA 1830104008

EMA LESTARI 1830104012
ILFA RAHMI 1830104026
 Definition of indirect Speech acts
Expert Definition of Concept Example Analyze the example
indirect
Speech acts
Yule Indirect indirect when The direct speech act of
(1996) in Speech Acts relationsh someone says this utterance is to
Oktadist will happen if ip “it’s cold inform the hearer about
io there is between outside” the real conditions
Fyngky, indirect the outside, but the indirect
Aziz relationship structure speech act of this
Mazrul, between the and the utterance is to request or
and structure and function to give command to
Zahrida the function of the close the door, so the
(2018:63) of the utterance. cold will not affect the
utterance. speaker.
 Expert Definition Concept Example Analyze the example
of indirect
Speech acts

Kroeger “Indirect mismatch Context : After the In the dialogue beside which is
(2005: 197) speech acts between the war ends against stated by Fitzgerald and captain,
are those in sentence type the Ree tribe, happened after a short clash with
which there and the captain join to the Ree tribe. Fitzgerald said to the
is a intended force. wounded captain that he did not need another
mismatch Fitzgerald and shot. It showed by Fitzgerald’s bold
between the asked about his utterance. The strategy used in his or
sentence condition, Fitzgerald’s utterance is an indirect
type and the thendiscussing speech act, because this utterance
intended what to do next. known as declarative types but the
force.” Captain : What function of this utterance is request.
are you thinking ? Fitzgerald stated something to
Fitzgerald : I captain, the utterance is not used to
hope, I dont need receive a comment by captain but it
another shoot. is a request for captain to stop
Captain : So, make clashing with Ree tribe.
sure we’re ready
to head out by
dawn.
 Expert Definition of Concept Example Analyze the example
indirect Speech
acts

Searle (1979) in Indirect speech the act of Context : Two men, The bold sentence uttered by Fitzgerald to
Asher, acts is conducting an they are Jim and Jim is an indirect speech act. Fitzgerald
Nicholas and introduced the illocutionary act Fitzgerald which asked to Jim to stop making a noise. This is
Alex, idea of indirect indirectly. taken a job to keep a type of interrogative sentence and has a
Lascarides illocutionary act the Glass that was function of order. The purpose of the
(2006:25) which also badly wounded. utterance is not related with the types of
known as After a few minutes the utterance. Fitzgerald’s bold utterance is
indirect speech Fitzgerald was about asking the question, but the purpose
acts. This is distracted by the of Fitzgerald is to order Jim to quit the
speaker's act of noise made by Jim. noise. A word "you" in this utterance
communicating Fitzgerald : Will indicates the type of interrogative, but the
with hearer more you quit that noise word “quit” shows the function of order or
than what is now ? Will you ? command
actually said. It Jim : Oh sorry
relies on the
knowledgeable
background
information
about the
conversation
shared by both
speaker and
hearer. In other
words, indirect
speech acts is the
act of conducting
an illocutionary
act indirectly.
 Conclusion
From three expert we can conclude that Indirect speech acts are actions
or utterance that have a mismatch between the type of sentence and the
intended meaning, where what the speaker says has an imprecise
meaning or has another meaning.
According to Marisa Casillas and Elma H. Hilbrinka “communicative
act” is the action (or set of actions) that a speaker accomplishes by
producing an utterance. Communicative acts include phenomena like
requests, invitations, apologies, greetings, and more.
Why is indirect speech act used in interaction? Do you think that using indirectness in
an interaction shows politeness?

According to (Yule, 1996) in Praditya, Dwi Jaya I Made ,

Putra, Adi Jaya I Nyoman , Artini, Luh Putu (2012:3), said that
Using indirect speech acts in interaction will make the interaction
more polite between the sepeaker and the hearer, when speakers
deliver their speech politely, they tend to reduce direct
conversation to indirect conversation where the purpose of being
polite is to soften the communication. When the speaker asks the
listener to do something, he or she may imply the speech into an
indirect speech for example, asking the listener to open a window
simply by saying "this room is very hot or are you feeling hot?"
Through these sentences, the speaker does not directly ask the
listener to do something, but he can say a condition is being felt.
Using indirect words in everyday life will make us humans
look more polite when talking to other people, for example when
we want to ask something indirectly like "it's cold in here, do you
feel cold too" where are we? asking other people politely
indirectly helps turn on the heating.
 Communicative act
According to Marisa Casillas and Elma H.
Hilbrinka “communicative act” is the action (or
set of actions) that a speaker accomplishes by
producing an utterance. Communicative acts
include phenomena like requests, invitations,
apologies, greetings, and more.
Find a dialog using indirect speech acts for each type of speech act as in the following table

NO Types of speech acts Examples Analysis of Examples Intended meaning of the speakers
(Context, Facts of speech acts
and conditions for successful
speech acts)

1 Assertives
Direct Aldo : hey, look Context : In the afternoon, Leo Speaker want to say that girl is beautiful.
Leo : She is beautiful and Aldo were sitting in front
Aldo : That’s right of the house, then Aldo saw a
beautiful girl passing by and
told Leo.
 
In the dialogue between Aldo
and Leo, Aldo said that a
beautiful girl was passing by
and Leo directly praised the
girl by saying directly that
"she is beautiful".

Aldo : hey, look Speaker want to say that girl is beautiful

Indirect Leo : She is like a flower Context : In the afternoon, Leo
Aldo : That’s right and Aldo were sitting in front
of the house, then Aldo saw a
beautiful girl passing by and
told Leo
 
In the dialogue between Aldo
and Leo, Aldo said that a
beautiful girl was passing by
and Leo complimented the
girl by implying that "she is
like a flower".
It means that the girl is
beautiful like a flower.
NO Types of speech acts Examples
2 Declaratives
Direct Zul: what's wrong sir?
Irwan: You are fired!
indirect Zul: what's wrong sir?
Irwan: You don't have to work
here anymore.
Analysis of Examples Intended meaning of the speakers
(Context, Facts of speech
acts and conditions for
successful speech acts)
context: in an office, there Speaker fired the hearer.
is a conversation between
the boss and the employee
who is about to be fired.
In the dialogue, there was
a conversation between the
boss named Irwan and the
employee who was going
to be fired named Zul.
Irwan immediately fired
Zul by saying "you were
fired" so that from Irwan's
words, it changed Zul's
fate, Zul who originally
worked in Irwan's office
became unemployed.
context: in an office, there Speaker fired the hearer.
is a conversation between
the boss and the employee
who is about to be fired.
In the dialogue, there was
a conversation between the
boss named Irwan and the
employee who was going
to be fired named Zul.
Irwan indirectly fired Zul
by saying "You don't have
to work here anymore"
which means that Irwan
fired Zul, so from Irwan's
words changing Zul's fate,
Zul, who originally
worked at Irwan's office,
became unemployed.
NO Types of speech acts Examples Analysis of Examples (Context, tended meaning of the speakers
Facts of speech acts and
conditions for successful speech
acts)

3 Directive
Requesting
Direct Captain : What are you
thinking ?
Fitzgerald : stop clashing with
Ree tribe
Captain : So, make sure we’re
ready to head out by dawn.
indirect
Captain : What are you
thinking ?
Fitzgerald : I hope, I dont need
another shoot.
Captain : So, make sure we’re
ready to head out by dawn.
Context : After the war ends Speaker want the hearer to stop clashing
against the Ree tribe, captain join with Ree Tribe
to the wounded Fitzgerald and
asked about his condition,
thendiscussing what to do next.
In the dialogue beside which is
stated by Fitzgerald and captain,
happened after a short clash
with Ree tribe. Fitzgerald said to
the captain that he request
directly to stop clashing with
Ree Tribe.
Speaker want the hearer to stop clashing
Context : After the war ends with Ree Tribe
against the Ree tribe, captain join
to the wounded Fitzgerald and
asked about his condition, then
discussing what to do next.
In the dialogue beside which is
stated by Fitzgerald and captain,
happened after a short clash
with Ree tribe. Fitzgerald said to
the captain that he did not need
another shot. It showed by
Fitzgerald’s bold utterance. The
strategy used in his or
Fitzgerald’s utterance is an
indirect speech act, because this
utterance known as directive
types but the function of this
utterance is request. Fitzgerald
stated something to captain, the
utterance is not used to receive a
comment by captain but it is a
request for captain to stop
clashing with Ree tribe.
No Types of speech Examples Analysis of Examples tended meaning of the speakers
acts (Context, Facts of
speech acts and
conditions for
successful speech acts)

Refusing
Direct Sarah : Let’s go to the Context : after school Leo refuse Sarah’s invitation,
movie tonight sarah invites Leo to go and wan’t Sarah to cancel that
Leo : I can’t watch a movie plan.
In the dialogue between
Sarah and Leo, after
school Sarah invites Leo
to go to watch a movie,
but Leo rejects Sarah's
invitation directly by
saying "I can’t it means
Leo refuse directly
Sarah’s invitation.

Indirect Sarah : Let’s go to the

movie tonight Context : after school Leo refuse Sarah’s invitation,
Leo : I have to study for sarah invites Leo to go and wan’t Sarah to cancel that
an exam watch a movie plan.
In the dialogue between
Sarah and Leo, after
school Sarah invites Leo
to go to watch a movie,
but Leo rejects Sarah's
invitation indirectly by
saying "I have to study
for the exam" it means
Leo can't go to the film
with Sarah because she
has to learn to exam,
and wan’t to refuse
sarah’s invitation.
NO Types of speech acts Examples Analysis of Examples tended meaning of the
(Context, Facts of speakers
speech acts and
conditions for
successful speech acts)

Critisizing
Direct Sarah: let's go Context : On sunday Leo wan’t sarah to
Leo: change your clothes sarah and leo are going change her clothes
on a date, and when Leo because unpolite.
picks up Sarah, he sees
Sarah wearing revealing
clothes.
 
In the dialogue Leo and
Sarah will go on a date,
when Leo picks up
Sarah he sees Sarah's
clothes are rude and
immediately Leo
criticizes Sarah's clothes
indirect Sarah: let's go by saying change your
Leo: Your clothes are not polite clothes. Leo wan’t sarah to
change her clothes
Context : On sunday because unpolite.
sarah and leo are going
on a date, and when Leo
picks up Sarah, he sees
Sarah wearing revealing
clothes.
In the dialogue Leo and
Sarah are going on a
date, when Leo picks up
Sarah he sees Sarah's
clothes that are rude,
and indirectly Leo
criticizes Sarah's clothes
by saying that Sarah's
clothes are rude, which
means Leo wants Sarah
NO Types of speech acts Examples Analysis of Examples tended meaning of the
(Context, Facts of speakers
speech acts and
conditions for
successful speech acts)

4 Expressive
Complimenting
Direct Mr. Budi: your son is so Context : In a cafe, Speaker compliment the
handsome. there are 2 friends who hearer’s son
Mr Eko: Thank you haven't seen each other
for 30 years. In that
cafe, they bring their
own children.
 
In the dialogue it was
seen that Pak Budi
immediately praised
Pak Eko's son by
saying that "your son is
very handsome" which
indirect made Pak Eko feel
Mr. Budi: you are still happy. Speaker compliment the
handsome, your son is hearer’s son
like you. Context : In a cafe,
there are 2 friends who
haven't seen each other
for 30 years. In that
cafe, they bring their
own children.
 
In the dialogue it was
seen that Pak Budi
immediately praised
Pak Eko's son by
saying that "your son is
very handsome" which
NO Types of speech acts Examples Analysis of Examples tended meaning of the
(Context, Facts of speech speakers
acts and conditions for
successful speech acts)

Indirect Mr. Budi: you are still
handsome, your son is like
you.
Mr Eko: Thank you
Context : In a cafe, there are Speaker compliment the
2 friends who haven't seen hearer’s son.
each other for 30 years. In
that cafe, they bring their
own children.
In the dialogue, it was seen
that Mr. Budi indirectly
praised Mr. Eko's son by
saying that "you are still
handsome, your son is like
you." which means that Mr.
Budi praises Mr Eko
Handsome's son, which
makes Pak Eko feel happy.

Apologizing Nayla: sorry I broke your Context: Two sisters in a The speakers wan’t to say
Direct doll house where the older sister apologizing to the hearer.
Sasa : Never mind, buy it accidentally breaks his
again later. sister's doll
In the dialogue, it appears
that Nayla, tried to
apologize directly to her
Indirect sister by saying "Sorry I
Nayla : How can I make up broke your doll“ The speakers wan’t to say
for it? apologizing to the hearer.
Sasa : You just buy it again Context: Two sisters in a
later. house where the older sister
accidentally breaks his
sister's doll.
In the dialogue, it was seen
that Nayla, trying to
apologize indirectly to her
sister by saying "How can I
make up for it?" Which
means she apologized by
asking a way to make
amends for her mistakes.
NO Types of speech acts Examples
Thanking
Direct Andi: Thank you for
teaching math yesterday, so
my test score was good.
Surly: anytime, Andi
indirect
Andi: My test score is good,
I'll treat you.
Surly: Good idea
Analysis of Examples tended meaning of the
(Context, Facts of speech speakers
acts and conditions for
successful speech acts)
Context: There are two The speaker say thanks to
classmates named Andi and the hearer
Surly. After school Andi
goes to Surly's house to be
taught about mathematics,
after being taught by Surly,
Andi gets good marks on
the test, and the next day at
noon after the test he thanks
Surly.
In the dialogue, Andi
thanked Surly directly for
helping him learn
mathematics so that Andi's
test score was good by
saying "Thank you for
teaching math yesterday, so
my test score was good.“ The speaker say thanks to
the hearer.
Context: There are two
classmates named Andi and
Surly. After school Andi
goes to Surly's house to be
taught about mathematics,
after being taught by Surly,
Andi gets good marks on
the test, and the next day at
noon after the test he thanks
Surly.
In the dialogue, Andi
indirectly thanked Surly for
helping him learn
mathematics so that Andi's
test score was good by
saying "My test score is
good, I'll treat you." which
means Andi will treat Surly
NO Types of speech acts Examples
5 Commissive
Promising
Direct Sarah: my ring is missing
Leo: Don't worry, I Promise
give you a ring sometimes.
Sarah: Really?
Leo: yes dear
indirect
Sarah: my ring is missing
Leo: Don't worry, I'll buy
you a ring sometimes.
Sarah: Really?
Leo: yes, honey
Analysis of Examples tended meaning of the
(Context, Facts of speech speakers
acts and conditions for
successful speech acts)
context: there are lovers Speaker promise to hearer
named Sarah and Leo who to give the hearer a ring
are having dinner at a sometime.
restaurant.
 
In the dialogue it appears
that Leo as Sarah's lover
promises directly that he
will buy Sarah a ring
because Sarah's ring is
missing by saying "I
Promise give you a ring
sometimes“
Speaker promise to hearer
to give the hearer a ring
sometime.
context: there are lovers
named Sarah and Leo who
are having dinner at a
restaurant.
In the dialogue it appears
that Leo as Sarah's lover
promises indirectly that he
will buy Sarah a ring
because Sarah's ring is
missing by saying
"Sometimes I'll buy you a
ring."
NO Types of speech acts Examples
Threating/
Warning
Direct Son: mom, I want to say
something
mother: what is it dear?
Son: I want to go see the
movie The Boss Baby with
friends
mother: don't come home
past 10 at night
son: okay mom
indirect
Son: mother, I want to say
something
mother: what's up dear
Son: I want to watch the
movie The Boss Baby with
my friends
Mother: if it is past 10
o'clock there is no need to
go home again.
son: okay mom
Analysis of Examples tended meaning of the
(Context, Facts of speech speakers
acts and conditions for
successful speech acts)
Context: In a house in the Speaker give warning to the
evening, there are mothers hearer to not go home after
and children, where their 10 p.m
children ask permission
from their mothers to go to
the movies with their
friends.
 
In the dialogue, it is shown
that a mother warned her
child who asked permission
to watch with her friends
not to come home late at
night. The mother
immediately said "don't
come home past 10 at night".
Speaker give warning to the
Context: In a house in the hearer to not go home after
evening, there are mothers 10 p.m
and children, where their
children ask permission
from their mothers to go to
the movies with their
friends.
 
In the dialogue, it can be
seen that a mother indirectly
reminds her child who
asked permission to watch
movies with her friends so
they don't come home late at
night. The mother said "if it
is past 10 o'clock there is no
need to go home again."
which means the child must
go home before 10 pm.
 Bibliography

 Fyngky Oktadistio, M. A. (2018). An Analysis of Direct and

Indirect Speech Acts Performed by Main Character in The
Movie Revenant Script. Journal of English Education and
Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.1, 59-85.
 Hilbrink, M. C. (2014). Communicative act development. 1-25.
 Kroeger, P. R. (2005). Analysing Grammar an Introduction. New
York: Cambridge Universuty Press.
 Lascarides, N. A. (2006). Indirect Speech Acts. 1-37.
 Praditya, D. J. (2014). An Analysis of Speech Acts in The
Conversation between Habibie and Ainun in The Film
Entitled Habibie and Ainun2012. e-Journal Program
Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Volume 2, 1-10.  
 QUIZ
1. Determine the dialogue below whether it
includes direct speech acts or indirect speech acts,
and what kind of the utterance, give the reasons!
 context: in the afternoon when a mother comes

home from work, feeling very tired

daughter: Hi, have you come home from work?
mother: yes, already dear, I feel very tired
Continue..
2. Change the dialog below into direct speech
acts!
 context: in the afternoon when a mother comes

home from work, feeling very tired

daughter: Hi, have you come home from work?
mother: yes, already dear, I feel very tired
THANK YOU 