Introducing Logic

Logic

Study of reasoning.
Focuses on relationship between the
statements rather than the content.

2
A Simple Example

All mathematicians wear sandals.

Anyone who wears sandals is an algebraist.
Therefore…..
All mathematicians are algebraists.

3
Proposition
A declarative sentence that is either true or false
J= “Ibrahim is wearing a red coat”

Q = “Quaid e Azam wrote Baang e Dra”

T = “Buy two tickets for watching movie in cinema”

D = “Today is Tuesday”

4
Propositional Logic

Area of logic that deals with propositions is

called propositional calculus or
propositional logic.

5
Propositional Variables and
Connectives

We will use variables, such as p, q, and r, to

represent propositions.
Notation
 p: 1+1=3

6
Connectives

We combine propositions using connectives.

 and
 Or

“It is raining” and “It is cold”

 “It is raining and it is cold.”
 It is raining or it is cold.”

7
Connectives

Let p and q be propositions.

The conjunction of p and q
 denoted p ∧ q,
 is the proposition p and q.

The disjunction of p and q,

 p ∨ q,
 is the proposition p or q.

8
Connectives

If p: It is raining, and q: It is cold

Then the conjunction of p and q is
p ∧ q: It is raining and it is cold.
The disjunction of p and q is
p ∨ q: It is raining or it is cold.

9
Truth values of Propositions

The truth value of the conjunction p ∧ q is

determined by the truth values of p and q

10
Truth values of Propositions

p: A decade is 10 years,
q: A millenniumis 100 years,
 thenp is true, q is false(a millennium is 1000
years),
conjunction,
p∧ q: A decade is 10 years and a millenniumis
100 years,
is false.

11
Truth values of Propositions

The truth value of the disjunction proposition

p∨q defined by the truth table:

12
Truth values of Propositions

p: A decade is 10 years,
q: A millenniumis 100 years,
 thenp is true, q is false(a millennium is 1000
years),
disjunction,
p ∨ q: A decade is 10 years or a millenniumis 100
years,
is true.

13
Conjunctions
A and B

14
Conjunctions A and B

A=“I love Chicken” B= “I hate Meat”

A and B= “I love Chicken and I hate Meat”

“A”=True
“A and B”= True and
“B”=True

15
Conjunctions A and B

Ibrahim is a father and Ibrahim is a teacher

Ibrahim is a father and a teacher

Ibrahim is a teacher but he doesn’t like chock

Although
However
yet

16
Conjunctions A and B

One last Point:

“A and B and C and D and E”

Is also conjunction, and follows the same logical

rules as “A and B”

17
Disjunctions
A or B

18
Disjunctions A or B

A=“Ibrahim is at the B= “Ibrahim is at the

movies” library”

A or B= “Ibrahim is at the movies or Ibrahim is at the library”

19
Disjunctions A or B

One last Point:

“A or B or C or D or E”

Is also disjunction, and follows the same logical

rules as “A or B”

20
Contradictories:
not-A

21
Contradictories: not-A
A= “Ibrahim is at the home”
The CONTRADICTORY of A:
A claim that always has the OPPOSITE truth value
of A
Not-A
~A
¬A
Not-A=“Ibrahim is not at the home”
22
Contradictories: not-A

TRUTH TABLE for the CONTRADICTORY “not-A”

A Not-A
T F
F T

23
Practice Exercise for Today

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Truth value of p and q
 Truth value of p or q
 Symbolic representations of both.
 Descriptive representation of both.
 Negation of p and its truth value.

24
Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Truth value of p and q
 T
 Truth value of p or q
 T

25
Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Symbolic representations of both.
 p^q
 pvq

26
Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Descriptive representation of both.
 p ^ q : Benny Goodman recorded music and the
Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
 p v q: Benny Goodman recorded music or the Baltimore

used to be St.Lewis Browns.

27
Practice Exercise (Solution)

p: Benny Goodman recorded music. (T)

q: The Baltimore used to be St.Lewis Browns.
(T)
Find out:
 Negation of p and its truth value.
 Benny Goodman did not record music.
 It is not the case that Benny Goodman record music.

 Truth value is F.

 Symbolic representation is ~p.

28
Thank You!

29