01 - Fundamentals of Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet Workshop
Fundamentals of Industrial Ethernet,

Protocols, Addressing
SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

Automation and Industrial Solutions
Siemens AG, 2005. All rights reserved. File: Fundamentals of Industrial Ethernet.1
What is a network ?
Computer 2,
e.g. in Germany
Computer 1,
e.g. in the USA
Physical
characteristics
?
Protocol?

What are the Internet, Intranet and Extranet ?

The protocols used in the model
ISO/OSI model 4 layers

of the TCP/IP
7 Topic, news 7 Application layer
Application
6 Language, Application-
6 Presentation layer oriented protocols:
e.g. German layer Telnet, FTP, SMTP
5 Communication
5 Behavior
layer
4 Extension requires Transport protocols:
4 Transport layer
external line TCP, UDP
3 Connection through Internet protocols:
3 Network layer
telecom. company Transport- IP, ICMP
oriented
2 Data link layer layer
2 Analog or digital
data transmission Network access
1 through telecom. protocol:
1 Physical Ethernet, token ring
company layer

The MAC address
08 : 00 : 06 : XX : XX : XX
Vendor-specific,
e.g. Siemens
Unique ID for each

manufactured product

TCP / IP: What is it ?
• TCP/IP is a network protocol

• It is the foundation for many applications which must
exchange data beyond the boundaries of a single network.
• It comprises:
 TCP: The transmission control protocol for secure data
transmission
 IP: The Internet protocol for sending data across
network boundaries
• TCP/IP is one of many protocols used on the Internet

which is why the terms are often confused.

The IP address (1)
• A 32-bit IP address is represented by 4 decimal numbers which are

separated by a dot. e.g. 141.73.4.238
• The address is subdivided into the network ID (N) and host ID (H)
• The following network classes can be distinguished:

 Class A: 1.0-127.0 about 16 million nodes/network
 Class B: 128.0-191.255 about 65,000 nodes/network
 Class C: 192.0-223.255.255 254 nodes/network
• Addresses must be unique across the network. InterNIC assigns

addresses for the network 'INTERNET'
• Since network addresses are hard to come by and this type of

classification does not use the address space effectively, names are
used instead (name services)

The IP address (2)
Class A: The first byte of the IP address is used for addressing
the network; the last three bytes address the network node
b31 b0
0Version
Network ID Host ID
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
100. 16. 232. 23
Class B: The first two bytes of the IP address are used for addressing
the network; the last two bytes address the network node 0
b31 b
1Version
0 Network ID Host ID
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
180. 16. 232. 23
Class C: The first three bytes of the IP address are used for addressing
the network; the last byte addresses the network node
b31 b0
1Version
1 0 Network ID Host ID
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
220. 16. 232. 23

Routing with TCP/IP
• To set up a WAN, LANs must be

linked with routers. They handle
142.20.10.1
the data transport at the interfaces
of the LANs.
LAN
• Routers are connected to two
142.20.10.2
networks and therefore have two
Router
IP addresses.
192.20.30.7 • Hosts and routers use routing
tables to make decisions for
LAN
sending datagrams beyond the
192.20.30.12 network.
Router
• Each host knows the router and
sends the datagram directly to the
134.218.30.7
LAN
router even if the address lies
outside the subnet.
134.218.30.16

ICMP: Very simple diagnostics with the PING function
ICMP stands for "Internet Control Message Protocol".

This protocol offers the simplest diagnostics option. By calling
the PING function on a computer, the connection to a remote
computer can be checked over IP.
The partner responds and the response time is displayed.

Example: The PING function
The physical connection to a remote station can

be checked by calling the PING function on the
programming device.

Active network components (1)
Repeater / hub (star hub) Application Application

- Refreshes and forwards the incoming Presentation Presentation
signals. Session Session
- Immediately forwards the information to all
Transport Transport
partners connected to the repeater/hub
Network Network
- No filtering, load separation or intervention in Repeater / Hub
Data Link Data Link
communication Physical Physical
Physical Physical
- The use of repeaters/hubs is restricted to a
single collision domain.
Bridge / switch
Application Application
- Connects collision domains. The maximum
Presentation Presentation
extension is only limited by the delay of the data
Session Session
packets between two nodes
Transport Transport
- Load separation: Data traffic can be spread over
different subsegments Network
Bridge / Switch
Network
- The data traffic is not interrupted if individual Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
stations fail. Physical Physical Physical Physical
- Parallel communication

Active network components (2)
Router Application Application
- Decouples networks on the basis of Layer 3 Presentation Presentation

Session Session
addresses (IP addresses)
Transport Router Transport
- Controls traffic between networks (routing)
Network Network Network Network
- Protocol-independent, offers routing functions
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
and flow control
Physical Physical Physical Physical
Gateway Gateway
- A gateway converts services. Application Application Application Application
- Security mechanisms are possible Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation
(firewall, proxy). Session Session Session Session

Transport Transport
- A gateway comprises hardware and software Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network

for connecting different networks whereby Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
all protocols can be converted Physical Physical Physical Physical
(all 7 OSI layers).


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Industrial Ethernet Workshop

Fundamentals of Industrial Ethernet,

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

ISO/OSI model 4 layers

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

Unique ID for each

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

• TCP/IP is a network protocol

• TCP/IP is one of many protocols used on the Internet

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

• A 32-bit IP address is represented by 4 decimal numbers which are

• The following network classes can be distinguished:

• Addresses must be unique across the network. InterNIC assigns

• Since network addresses are hard to come by and this type of

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

• To set up a WAN, LANs must be

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

ICMP stands for "Internet Control Message Protocol".

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

The physical connection to a remote station can

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

Repeater / hub (star hub) Application Application

stations fail. Physical Physical Physical Physical

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

Router Application Application

- Decouples networks on the basis of Layer 3 Presentation Presentation

- A gateway converts services. Application Application Application Application

- Security mechanisms are possible Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation

(firewall, proxy). Session Session Session Session

Network Network Network Network

SIMATIC NET Date: 01.04.21 SITRAIN Training for

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