PRESENTATION OF

SOCIOLOGY
Submitted To: Madam Ayesha Tehreem

Submitted By: Obaid Khan

Ali Hamza

Adnan Ahmad

M. Naeem Awan

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 Social Movement
and
Social Change

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Social movement and social Change:
Introduction:
The symbolic interaction perspective studies the day-to-day interaction
of social movements, the meanings individuals attach to involvement in
such movements, and the individual experience of social change. An
interactionist studying social movements might address social movement
norms and tactics as well as individual motivations. For example, social
movements might be generated through a feeling of deprivation or
discontent, but people might actually join social movements for a variety
of reasons that have nothing to do with the cause. They might want to
feel important, or they know someone in the movement they want to
support, or they just want to be a part of something

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Collective behavior :
The term Collective behavior refers to social processes and events which
do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and
institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way. Collective
behavior might also be defined as action which is neither conforming (in
which actors follow prevailing norms) nor deviant (in which actors violate
those norms).
Flash mobs are examples of collective behavior, non-institutionalized
activity in which several people voluntarily engage. Other examples of
collective behavior can include anything from a group of commuters
traveling home from work to the trend toward adopting the Justin Bieber
hair flip.

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Collective behavior differs from group behavior in three ways:
1. Collective behavior involves limited and short-lived social
interaction while groups tend to remain together longer
2. Collective behavior has no clear social boundaries; anyone can
be a member of the collective while group membership is usually
more discriminating
3. Collective behavior generates weak and unconventional norms
while groups tend to have stronger and more conventional norms

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Crowds:
There are four types of crowds:
1. Casual - loose collection of people with no real interaction (e.g.,
people at the mall)
2. Conventional - deliberately planned meeting (e.g., Community
meeting organized by political leaders)
3. Expressive - depicts a crowd at an emotionally charged event
(e.g., A political rally or soccer game in Europe or Latin America)
4. Acting - a crowd intent on accomplishing something (e.g., Fans
rushing a stage during or after a concert)

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Social Movements:
A social movement is a persistent and organized effort involving the
mobilization of large numbers of people to work together to either bring
about what they believe to be beneficial social change or resist or reverse
what they believe to be harmful social change. Social movements are
among the most dramatic events the world has ever known.
Types of Social Movements:
Social movements can be classified in a number of ways. One can first
consider whether the movement intends to bring about or resist change

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 Innovative (liberal) movement:
A social movement that intends to introduce something new with regard to
culture, patterns of behavior, policies, or institutions.
 Conservative movement:
A social movement with the goal of maintaining things the way they are.
 Reactionary movement:
A social movement that seeks to resurrect cultural elements, patterns of
behavior, or institutions of the past.
 Revolutionary movement:
A social movement that aims to bring about great structural change by
replacing one or more major social institutions.

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 Reform movement :
A social movement that calls for changes in patterns of behavior, culture,
and/ or policy, but does not try to replace entire social institutions.
 Identity movement :
A social movement aimed at creating a new identity for an oppressed
group that provides a sense of empowerment, pride, self-confidence, and
equality.
 New social movements :
Social movements that arose during the second half of the twentieth
century and are concerned with moral and quality-of-life issues and the
establishment of new collective identities.

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 Alternative movements :
Social movements that aim to change a single type of behavior.
 Redemptive movements
Social movements that encourage people to adopt a new moral-religious
outlook that will affect a wide range of personal behaviors.
 Transnational movements
Social movements active in more than one country.

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Stages of social movements
Social movements tend to go through a number of stages of
development. A well-known model of these stages was developed by
Armand
 Incipiency:
The first stage of a social movement, which begins
when a large number of people become distressed by a particular
situation.
 Coalescence:
The second stage of a social movement, in which it becomes more
organized and develops resource-gathering capabilities.

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 Institutionalization:
The third stage of a social movement, in which the government takes
official notice of the movement and tries to cope with it and the
movement establishes one or more geographically extensive or even
national social movement organizations.
 Fragmentation :
The fourth stage of a social movement, in which it breaks apart, typically
after a period of some success, because movement participants disagree
about whether essential goals have really been achieved.

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 Theories of social movements:
 Resource mobilization theory
The idea that people motivated to create a social movement must have
access to necessary resources to succeed.
Useful resources include funding, effective leaders, and access to social
networks through which new participants can be recruited. Other
beneficial resources can be the support of powerful persons, aid from
previously established social movement organizations. Their
congregations provided meeting places, participants, and financial
contributions.

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 Political opportunities theory
The idea that political context is key in explaining social movements and
their effects on society. In other words, people only initiate a social
movement when they perceive that the political climate will allow them
to organize successfully and achieve their goals. This perspective focuses
on how the external political environment facilitates or interferes with
initiating a social movement, recruiting and mobilizing participants, and
getting access to resources.
Cognitive liberation is a three-phase change in people’s thinking about a
situation.
1. People decide that an existing condition or social arrangement is unjust.
2. 2. They come to believe it can be changed and demand change.
3. 3. They gain confidence that through working together they will possess the
power to achieve that goal.

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 Framing theory:
The idea that a social movement emerges because of framing: the process
of describing a social movement in such a way that it makes sense,
appeals to as many people as possible, and fulfills one or more deeply
held values.
Framing accomplishes three tasks:
1. Diagnosis. Diagnostic framing explains why a condition or pattern of
behavior is a problem and what – or who – causes it.
2. 2. Prognosis. Prognostic framing proposes a solution and a plan of
action, including strategy and tactics, for social movement
participants.
3. Motivation. Motivational framing explains why people need to act to
deal with the problem

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 Social Change
Collective behavior and social movements are just two of the forces
driving social change, which is the change in society created through
social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or
technological innovations. Essentially, any disruptive shift in the status
quo, be it intentional or random, human-caused or natural, can lead to
social change.

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Causes of Social Change:
Changes to technology, social institutions, population, and the
environment, alone or in some combination, create change. t as agents of
social change and we’ll examine real-world examples. We will focus on
four agents of change recognized by social scientists: technology, social
institutions, population, and the environment.

Technology:
Some would say that improving technology has made our lives easier.
Imagine what your day would be like without the internet, the
automobile, or electricity. technology is a driving force behind
globalization, while the other forces of social change (social institutions,
population, environment) play comparatively minor roles.

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But also consider that technology can create change in the other three
forces social scientists link to social change. Advances in medical
technology allow otherwise infertile women to bear children, indirectly
leading to an increase in population. Advances in agricultural technology
have allowed us to genetically alter and patent food products, changing
our environment in innumerable ways. From the way we educate
children in the classroom to the way we grow the food we eat,
technology has impacted all aspects of modern life.
Social Institutions:
Each change in a single social institution leads to changes in all social
institutions. For example, the industrialization of society meant that there
was no longer a need for large families to produce enough manual labor
to run a farm. Further, new job opportunities were in close proximity to
urban centers where living space was at a premium.

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It has also informed the way we educate our children: originally schools
were set up to accommodate an agricultural calendar so children could be
home to work the fields in the summer, and even today, teaching models
are largely based on preparing students for industrial jobs, despite that
being an outdated need. As this example illustrates, a shift in one area,
such as industrialization, means an interconnected impact across social
institutions.
Population:
Population composition is changing at every level of society. Births
increase in one nation and decrease in another. Some families delay
childbirth while others start bringing children into their fold early.
Population changes can be due to random external forces, like an
epidemic.

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Globally, often the countries with the highest fertility rates are least able
to absorb and attend to the needs of a growing population. Family
planning is a large step in ensuring that families are not burdened with
more children than they can care for. On a macro level, the increased
population, particularly in the poorest parts of the globe, also leads to
increased stress on the planet’s resources.
The Environment
Turning to human ecology, we know that individuals and the environment
affect each other. As human populations move into more vulnerable areas,
we see an increase in the number of people affected by natural disasters,
and we see that human interaction with the environment increases the
impact of those disasters. Part of this is simply the numbers: the more
people there are on the planet, the more likely it is that people will be
impacted by a natural disaster.

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Thank you

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