HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

CAMELLIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

3RD YEAR 6TH SEMESTER

BY GROUP NO: 1
GROUP MEMBER AS FOLLOWS
• SUBHAJIT MUKHERJEE ( ROLL NO: 23001318013)
• ARUNABHA DHAR (ROLL NO: 23001318053)
• JOYDEEP GHOSH ( ROLL NO: 23001318041)
• SOMNATH DEY ( ROLL NO: 23001318018)
• ANIMESH BAIRI (ROLL NO: 23001318041)
CONTENTS

• 1. INTRODUCTION
• 2. CLASSIFICTION OF HIGHWAY
• 3. HIGHWAY \ ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
• 4. HIGHWAY \ ROAD CONSTRUCTION MECHINARY
• 5. MAINTENANCE
1. INTRODUCTION

• A LINE OF COMMUNICATION (TRAVELLED WAY) USING A STABILIZED BASE

OPEN TO PUBLIC TRAFFIC, PRIMARILY FOR THE USE OF ROAD MOTOR
VEHICLES INCLUDING "BRIDGES, TUNNELS SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
JUNCTIONS, CROSSINGS AND TOLL ROADS.

• THE FIRST RESEARCH DEDICATED TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING WAS

INITIATED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF THE
TRANSPORT RESEARCH LABORATORY (TRL), IN 1930.IN THE USA, HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING BECAME AN IMPORTANT DISCIPLINE WITH THE PASSING OF
THE FEDERAL- AID HIGHWAY ACT OF 1944
2. CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY

• NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
IMPORTANT ROADS &CONNECT STATE CAPITALS, PORTS AND FOREIGN
HIGHWAYS. THEY ALSO INCLUDE ROADS OF MILITARY IMPORTANCE. THEY
ARE FINANCED BY THE. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

• STATE HIGHWAYS
CONNECT IMPORTANT CITIES AND DISTRICT HEAD QUARTERS IN THE
STATE, NATIONAL HIGHWAYS & STATE HIGHWAYS OF NEIGHBOURING STATES.
FINANCED BY STATE GOVERNMENT ROADS AND BUILDINGS DEPARTMENT.
• DISTRICT ROADS
THESE ARE THE ROADS WITHIN A DISTRICT.
1) MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS
2) MINOR DISTRICT ROADS

• VILLAGE ROADS
THEY CONNECT VILLAGES WITH EACH OTHER AND TO THE NEAREST
DISTRICT ROAD.
• ROADS ROAD STRUCTURE DEPENDS UPON THE KEY WHAT IS IT FOR!
• THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF PAVEMENT (ROAD STRUCTURE)
• I)FLEXIBLE ROADS II)RIGID

I) FLEXIBLE CARRIAGEWAY CONSTRUCTION

WHEN A ROAD IS BUILT, THE SURFACE IS DUG-OUT DOWN TO THE DESIGNED
DEPTH OF THE INTENDED ROAD. THE SUB-GRADE IS THE GROUND BELOW THE
ROAD LAYERS WHICH IS EXPOSED ONCE THE GROUND HAS BEEN DUG OUT
READY TO BUILD THE ROAD.
-------------------------------------------
SURFACE COURSE
------------------------------------------------------------------

BINDER COURSE
…………………………………..
BASE
___________________________
SUB-BASE
_________________________
CAPPING
------------------
SUB –GRADE
• RIGID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
• RIGID PAVEMENT IS THE TECHNICAL TERM FOR ANY ROAD SURFACE MADE
OF CONCRETE.
• THE LARGEST ADVANTAGES TO USING CONCRETE PAVEMENT ARE IN ITS
DURABILITY AND ABILITY TO HOLD A SHAPE.

• A SURFACE LAYER, MADE UP OF SLABS OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

(PCC), SITS ON TOP OF A HANDFUL OF SUB-LAYERS.
• THE LAYER DIRECTLY UNDER THE PCC IS MORE FLEXIBLE THAN THE
CONCRETE, BUT STILL QUITE RIGID.
LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN RIGID & FLEXIBLE
ROAD
3. HIGHWAY \ ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

• 1.ASPHALT
• ASPHALT ALSO KNOWN AS BITUMEN IS A STICKY, BLACK AND HIGHLY
VISCOUS LIQUID OR SEMI-SOLID FORM OF PETROLEUM.

• ASPHALT IS USED IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION, WHERE IT IS USED AS THE GLUE

OR BINDER MIXED WITH AGGREGATE PARTICLES TO CREATE ASPHALT
CONCRETE.

• IT IS USE TO PREPARE ASPHALT EMULSION, HOT MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE,

COLD MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE.
• 2.AGGREGATES:
A) GRANITE AGGREGATES ARE CRUSHED HARD ROCK OF GRANULAR
STRUCTURE, BEING THE MOST COMMON ON EARTH.

0-5MM THE SMALLEST GRANITE AGGREGATES FRACTIONS ARE USED,

BESIDES THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION, FOR DECORATION AND PAVING PATHS,
FOR COVERING SPORTS GROUNDS.

5-10MM FRACTION, IS USED FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND PRODUCTION

OF CONCRETE.

10-40MM A ROAD SUB BASE ALSO USED FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE

OPERATIONS.
• B).GRAVEL AGGREGATES ARE AGGREGATES ACQUIRED AS THE RESULT OF
SIFTING QUARRIED ROCK AND BY CRUSHING NATURAL STONE.

• C). LIMESTONE AGGREGATES ARE A PRODUCT OF THE CRUSHING OF

SEDIMENTARY ROCK - LIMESTONE, WHICH IS COMPOSED MAINLY OF
CALCITE (CALCIUM CARBONATE ).

• D).SLAG AGGREGATES ARE OBTAINED BY CRUSHING OF SMELTER SLAG

(MOLTEN SLAG AGGREGATES).
4. HIGHWAY \ ROAD CONSTRUCTION
MECHINARY

• MACHINERY USED IN ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS ARE USED FOR ROUGH

GRADING, FINE GRADING, SURFACING, PAVING, COMPACTION AND TO
CONTROL MOISTURE LEVEL.

• 1) AIR-TRACK DRILL
• A DRILLING MACHINE FOR QUARRY OR OPENCAST BLASTING EQUIPPED
WITH TRACKS AND OPERATED BY INDEPENDENT AIR MOTORS.
AIR-TRACK DRILL
• CHIP SPREADER:
A CHIP SPREADER LAYS DOWN THE AGGREGATE ON TOP OF A
BITUMINOUS BINDER WHICH IS THEN ROLLED BY A COMPACTOR.
• COLD PLANERS
• A COLD PLANER (ALSO KNOWN AS A PAVEMENT PLANER, PAVEMENT
RECYCLER, MILL OR ASPHALT MILLING MACHINE) IS A MACHINE USED TO
REMOVE BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT OR ASPHALT CONCRETE FROM
ROADWAYS.
• COMPACTORS : USED FOR COMPACTION.
• VIBRATORY STEEL DRUM COMPACTOR
VIBRATORY ROLLER COMPACTOR IS USED TO COMPACT SOIL, GRAVEL,
CONCRETE, OR ASPHALT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND
FOUNDATIONS.
• PNEUMATIC TIRED ROLLER:
PNEUMATIC TIRE COMPACTORS ARE USED ON SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZE
COMPACTION JOBS, PRIMARILY ON BLADED, GRANULAR BASE MATERIALS.
• PADDED DRUM COMPACTOR:
PADDED DRUM COMPACTORS ARE USUALLY APPLIED TO COMPACT SOIL,
GRAVEL, CONCRETE, OR ASPHALT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND
FOUNDATIONS.
• ASPHALT DISTRIBUTORS:
ASPHALT DISTRIBUTORS ARE USED TO APPLY PRIME OR TACK COATS ON A
SURFACE IN PREPARATION FOR PAVING.
• PAVER MACHINE:
• A PAVER IS A MACHINE USED TO LAY ASPHALT ON ROADWAYS. IT IS NORMALLY FED BY A
DUMP TRUCK WHICH BRINGS HOT ASPHALT.
5. MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION

• ROADS ARE EXPOSED TO TREMENDOUS LOADS THAT WILL SOONER OR

LATER LEAVE THEIR MARKS ON THEM. A TIME WILL COME WHEN EVERY
ROAD WILL BE IN NEED OF A GENERAL OVERHAUL. FOLLOWING METHODS
ARE USED.

• REPLACING THE PAVEMENT:

BY REMOVING ONLY THOSE LAYERS OF A ROAD STRUCTURE THAT ARE
ACTUALLY DAMAGED.
ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS FREQUENTLY STIPULATE THAT THE FLOW OF
TRAFFIC MUST BE MAINTAINED IN SPITE OF EXTENSIVE RECONSTRUCTION
MEASURES.
• REPACING THE PAVEMENT
• PAVING THIN LAYER HOT:
PAVING THIN LAYERS IN HOT APPLICATION IS A VIABLE OPTION FOR
REHABILITATING OF LIMITED DAMAGED ROADS.

AT FIRST SURFACE DEFORMATIONS ARE REMOVED BY COLD MILLING

MACHINES FITTED WITH FINE MILLING DRUMS TO CREATE AN EVEN, SLIGHTLY
ROUGHENED ROAD SURFACE.

WHEN USING A PAVER WITH INTEGRATED SPRAY MODULE, THE PAVER SEALS
THE BASE BY SPRAYING A TACK COAT OF POLYMER-MODIFIED BITUMEN
EMULSION WITH A MINIMUM BITUMEN CONTENT OF 60% .
• PAVING THIN LAYERS COLD :
FAST AND ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT ALTERNATIVE TO REPLACING THE
ENTIRE ROAD PAVEMENT.

TRAFFIC SAFETY IS HAZARDED WHEN THE ROAD SURFACE GETS SLIPPERY,

WHEN WHEEL RUTS HAVE DUG INTO THE PAVEMENT, OR WHEN THE ROAD IS
COVERED WITH BUMPS AND DEFORMATIONS.

COLD MILLING MACHINES FITTED WITH FINE MILLING DRUMS PREPARE THE
ROAD SURFACE FOR APPLICATION OF THE THIN, COLD PAVEMENT LAYER.
 IT WORKS AT A MAXIMUM MILLING DEPTH OF 50 MM, RE PROFILING THE PAVEMENT BY
MEANS OF MODERN LEVELLING TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE A LEVEL SURFACE. THE
SLIGHTLY ROUGHENED SURFACE TEXTURE PRODUCED BY FINE MILLING OFFERS.