ETHICS IN RESEARCH

 DATE: JULY 21,2018

 PRESENTED BY: MR. FLORANTE P. DE LEON,
MBA,CB
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
 Resnik (2007), in his article “What is Ethics in Research & Why is it
important?”, explains the importance of ethics in research.
 1. Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It
also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work. Research
often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among
people in different fields or disciplines. The important values include
trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness
 ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
 1. Honesty. This must be maintained in all communications (e.g.,
when reporting data, results, and procedures). Data should never
be fabricated, falsified, or misrepresented.
 2. Objectivity. Biases should be avoided in the experimental
design, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and the
other aspects of research.
 ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
 3. Integrity. Consistency of thought and action is the foundation
of the credibility of any research work. Promises and agreements
should be kept and all actions should be made with a sincere
purpose.

 4. Care. Careless errors and negligence should be avoided. Your

work and the works of your peers should be critically examined.
Records of research activities should be kept in good order and
condition.
 ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
 5. Openness. The researcher should be open to criticisms and
new ideas. Research data, results, ideas, and resources should
also be shared with the public.
 6. Respect for intellectual property. Proper acknowledgement
should be given to all authors cited and sources used in your
research. Patents and copyrights should be recognized. Any
unpublished data, methods, or results should not be used without
permission. Credit should be given to where it is due.
 ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
 7. Confidentiality. Confidential communications or documents
should be protected.
 8. Responsible publication. The study should be done with the
purpose of advancing research and scholarship. Wasteful and
duplicate publication should be avoided.
 9. Responsible mentoring. The research should seek to educate,
mentor, and advise students.
 ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
 10. Respect for colleagues. All peers should be treated fairly.

 11. Social responsibility. Social good should be promoted and

social harm should be avoided.
 12. Non-discrimination. All those eligible to participate in
research should be allowed to do so.
 ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
 13. Competence. Professional competence and expertise should
be maintained and improved with the research.
 14. Legality. A researcher should know and obey relevant laws,
and institutional and government policies.
 15. Human subject protection. Harms and risks to human lives
should be minimized. Human dignity, privacy, and autonomy
should be among the primary considerations of the research.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

 The main purpose of a research is to produce results that would

benefit the stakeholders in the study. Likewise, the participants
are crucial elements of the research and they have the same
rights as the research beneficiaries. Some of the rights of
research participants are as follows (Trochim, 2006; Smith, 2003;
Polit, 2006):
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

 1. Voluntary participation. Any person should not be coerced to

participate in any research undertaking.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

 2. Informed consent. Prospective research participants must be

fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in the
research. Their consent to participate must be secured.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

 3. Risk of harm. Participants should be protected from physical,

financial, or psychological harm. The principle of non-
maleficence states that it is the researcher’s duty to avoid,
prevent, or minimize harm to the participants of the study
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

 4. Confidentiality. Participants must be assured that their

identity and other personal information will not be made
available to anyone who is not directly involved in the study
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

 5. Anonymity. The participants must remain anonymous

throughout the study even to the researchers themselves.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH
WRITING
It is a general notion that in the written work of any author, be it in
books, magazines, research papers for a degree program, or even
those papers which are to be submitted for funding programs, the
reader assumes that the author is the sole originator of the written
work, that any text or ideas borrowed from others are clearly
identified as such by established scholarly conventions,
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH
WRITING

and that the ideas conveyed therein are accurately represented to

the best of the author’s abilities. For a writing to be considered
ethical, it should be clear, accurate, fair, and honest (Kolin, as cited
by Roig, 2006).
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH
WRITING
 The following reminders must be taken into consideration for
ethical research writing (Logan University, 2016):
 1. Findings should be reported with complete honesty.
 2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation, and misleading
claims must be avoided.
 3. Appropriate credit should be given when using other people’s
work.
 4. Plagiarism should be avoided by fully acknowledging all
content belonging to others.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas,

words, processes, and results without giving due credit.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

The following are considered as acts of plagiarism:

 1. Claiming authorship of a work or creation done by another
person
 2. Copying an entire written work or a portion of it – including
words, sentences, and ideas – without acknowledging the author
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 3. Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a quotation taken

directly from a source
 4. Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
 5. Merely changing the words but retaining the sentence structure
so that the selection or quotes still bears a resemblance to the
original source
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 6. Using so many words and ideas from the original source that
it makes up a large portion of your work, even if you
acknowledge the original author
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 Plagiarism should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of

original ideas and works constitutes a violation of intellectual
property rights. The World Intellectual Property Organization has
the following definition of intellectual property:
“Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions;
literary and artistic works; and symbols, names, and images used in
commerce.” (WIPO, 2004)”
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 Intellectual property covers two categories:

 1. Industrial property, which includes patents, trademarks, and
industrial designs; and
 2. copyright, which includes published works such as literary
works, textbooks, reference books, and other artistic works such
as creative design, film, music, radio broadcasts, and
performance art.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

Creators of such works and intellectual property are given rights

and protections, and the unauthorized use of intellectual property is
subject to legal sanctions.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

In the Philippines, intellectual property is protected by Republic

Act 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
Following are the provisions of the Code regarding published
works:
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

“Published works” means works, which, with the consent of the

authors, are made available to the public by wire or wireless means
in such a way that members of the public may access these works
from a place and time individually chosen by them: Provided, that
availability of such copies has been such, as to satisfy the
reasonable requirements of the public, having regard to the nature
of the work...
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

Furthermore, the code also states the following provisions

regarding copyright ownership:

178.1 Subject to the provisions of this section, in the case of

original literary and artistic works, copyright shall belong to the
author of the work;
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

178.2 In the case of works of joint authorship, the co-authors shall

be the original owners of the copyright, and in the absence of
agreement, their rights shall be governed by the rules on co-
ownership. If, however, a work of joint authorship consists of parts
that can be used separately and the author of each part can be
identified, the author of each part shall be the original owner of the
copyright in the part that he has created.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

In academic research, plagiarism and its related acts constitute

academic dishonesty and may be cause for the invalidation of a
research study and other sanctions on the offender. Educational
institutions and academic organizations have their own rules and
sanctions regarding plagiarism. Students who commit plagiarism
risk academic sanctions such as a failing grade in the course where
such violation was committed, and in extreme cases, the revocation
of a degree conferred.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

Sharma and Singh (2011) list the following tips to avoid

plagiarism:
 1. Sufficient time should be allotted for writing.
 2. Hard copies of all the relevant references should be collected.
 3. All references should be read carefully and its important parts
should be highlighted.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 4. Sufficient attribution should be placed when using the ideas of

others.
 5. Lines with factual details are to be referenced.
 6. The appropriateness of inserting references should be
determined.
 7. Written permission should be acquired for text and figures
copied from other sources.
 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 8. All the text should be paraphrased—that is, written by the

author in his or her own language.
 9. Copying and pasting text from sources while writing should
be avoided. If one is not good at typing, he or she can request
assistance from a typist.
 10. Before submitting an article, all files, figures, and references
should be prepared in accordance to the prescribed standards.