Chapter 2

Leveling

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th edition

Barry Kavanagh
© 2008 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
General Terms
 Horizontal line
 Level line
 Vertical line
 Vertical distance
 Elevation
 Mean sea level

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Leveling Concepts

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Leveling Process

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Effects of Curvature and
Refraction

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Types of Surveying Levels
 Automatic level
 Digital level
 Tilting level

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Automatic Level

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Leveling
Rods

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Definitions
 Benchmark (BM)
 Temporary benchmark (TBM)
 Turning point (TP)
 Backsight (BS)
 Height of instrument (HI)
 Foresight (FS)
 Intermediate sight (IS)

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Leveling Procedure – One
Setup

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Leveling Procedure–Multiple
Setups

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Leveling Field Notes for Slide
11 (Figure 3.14)

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Example of Profile Leveling

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Profile Leveling Field Notes

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Views of Topographic Relief
 Plan view
 Profile view
 Cross-section view

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Topographic Relief

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Peg Test (is line-of-sight
horizontal?)

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Trigonometric Leveling

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Level Loop Adjustments
 If the error in a level loop is
unacceptable, the leveling must be
repeated.
 If the error in a level loop is acceptable,
that error is distributed according to the
distances leveled (or the number of
instrument setups). See Example 2.4

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved
Level Loop Adjustment

Kavanagh: Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All rights reserved