METABOLIS

ME
VITAMIN E
RISYA AHRIYASNA, S.Gz, M.Gz
PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GIZI STIKES
PERINTIS PADANG
Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin.
Recently, the National Academy of Sciences defined
vitamin E as the 2R stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol.
However, past classifications of vitamin E included a
group of eight compounds – alpha-, beta-, gamma-
and delta-tocopherols and tocotrienols.
The naturally occurring d-alpha-tocopherol has the
highest biological activity
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
FUNCTION
Chain-breaking antioxidant
Protects cell membranes
Enhances immune response
Regulates platelet aggregation
Regulates protein kinase C activation
(a) The formation of free
 (b) Vitamin E is stored in the lipid
radicals in the lipid portion of portion of our cell membranes. By
our cell membranes can cause donating an electron to free radicals,
a dangerous chain reaction it protects the lipid molecules in our
that damages the integrity of cell membranes from being oxidized
the and stops the chain reaction of
membrane and can cause cell oxidative damage.
death.
Regeneration of vitamin E by
vitamin C.
Vitamin E neutralizes free
radicals in the cell
membrane, and vitamin C
(in the form of ascorbic acid)
regenerates vitamin E from
the resulting vitamin E
radical.
Vitamin C (in the form of
dehydroascorbic acid) is
regenerated to ascorbic acid
by the reduced form of
glutathione (GSH).
lipid peroxyl radical Figure 7. Antioxidant cascade
LOO rxn 5 LOOH Reduced forms/reduction
Oxidized forms/oxidation

Vit Ered VIT Eox

rxn 6 hydroxyl radical (OH)
superoxide radical (O2-)

VIT Cox rxn 9

Vit Cred
rxn 7 reduced rxn 4
products
H 2O2
+ROOH Glutathioneox
Glutathionered
rxn 2 (GSSG) 2H2O
(GSH)

NADP+ rxn 1
NADPH + H+
Pentose phosphate pathway (rxn 8)

Glucose-6-P Ribulose-5-P
Fungsi :
Pelindung terhadap peroksidasi lemak dalam membran
sel (menghentikan peroksidasi lemak radikal bebas)
Dengan cara : memberikan elektron tunggal untuk
membentuk tokoferil kuinon yang stabil dan teroksidasi
sempurna
 Table 1. Reactive Oxygen Species
and Antioxidants that Reduce Them

Reactive Species Antioxidant

Singlet oxygen 1O2 Vitamin A, vitamin E

Superoxide radical (O2-) superoxide dismutase, vitamin C

Hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) Catalase; glutathione peroxidase

Peroxyl radical (ROO) Vitamin C, vitamin E

Lipid peroxyl radical
Vitamin E
(LOO)
Hydroxyl radical (OH) Vitamin C
Forms
RRR--tocopheryl acetate (natural vitamin E)
all-rac--tocopherol (synthetic vitamin E).
Sifat Vitamin E :
Vitamin larut lemak
Sifat tokoferol : antioksidasi
Rusak : kena sinar matahari/sinar UV
Struktur tokoferol
Dengan beberapa gugus metil dan sebuah rantai sisi fitil
Ada 8 jenis senyawa vit.E yang berbeda.
α-tokoferol : Antioksidan paling banyak di alam
Chemical structure
of α-tocopherol.
α-tocopherol is composed
of a ring structure and a
long carbon tail.
Variations in the spatial
orientation of the carbon
atoms in this tail and in the
composition of the tail
itself are what result in
forming the different
tocopherol and tocotrienol
compounds.
 Vitamin
R1
E structure
HO

Phythyl Tail
R2 O CH3
.O CH3 CH3
R3
(C H 2 )3 C H (C H 2 )3 C H (C H 2 )3 C H (C H 3 )2
Chromane Head
CH3 O CH3

CH3

R1 R2 R3
 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3
 CH 3 H CH 3
 H CH 3 CH 3
 H H CH 3
Sources, Intakes and Requirements
Vegetable oils, sunflower seeds and nuts are the
richest dietary sources
Average daily intake is 15 I.U. in men and 11.4 I.U in
women (NHANES III)
DRI and RDA is 15 mg alpha-tocopherol (22.5 I.U.)
Optimal vitamin E intakes may be 100-400 I.U. per
day
Conversion
In food  1α-TE ~ 1 mg of active vitamin E.
In supplements containing :
natural sources of vitamin E, 1 IU ~ 0.67
mg α-TE.
synthetic sources of vitamin E, 1 IU ~ 0.45
mg α-TE.
Absorption and Transport
Dependent on ability to absorb fat
Absorbed into lymphatic system
Component of chylomicrons
Alpha-tocopherol is major tocopherol in plasma
Positive association between serum lipid and
tocopherol levels
Normal range is 0.5-1.6 mg/dl
90% of the vitamin E in the body is stored in our
adipose tissue.
The remaining vitamin E is found in cell membranes
BBL mempunyai kadar tokoferol plasma 1/5 dari
kadar tokoferol plasma ibu
Ekskresi :
Sebagian besar : diekskresi secara lambat ke dalam
empedu
Sisanya : diekskresi melalui urin sebagai glukuronida dari
asam tokoferonat atau metabolit lain
 Clinical Deficiency States
Susceptible groups
Patients with malabsorption syndromes
Premature infants
Patients on TPN

Characterized by progressive neurological syndrome

Gait disturbances
Absent or altered reflexes
Limb weakness
Sensory loss in arms and legs

Improved neurological function with vitamin E therapy

Defisiensi :
Gejala defisiensi primer adalah kerusakan sistem syaraf
dan sistem imun, juga fragilnya SDM (anemia hemolitik)

Efek overdosis :
 diarrhea, nausea, headaches, fatigue
Efficacy of Natural-Source vs Synthetic
Vitamin E
Natural-source is a single isomer
(d-alpha-tocopherol)
Synthetic is a mixture of eight isomers
Natural-source has twice the bioavailability of
synthetic