Department of nursing

Basic nursing procedures and

techniques
Divisions of the Brain

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CHAPTER SEVEN
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:
- Describe the generalized functions of the system as a whole
- Describe how the nervous tissue is organized
- Identify the major types of cells in the
nervous system and discuss the function of each
- Identify types of neurons
- Briefly describe the mechanisms of transmission of a nerve impulse
- Briefly describe transmission at a synapse
- Define neurotransmitter
and give several examples of them.
- List the components of a reflex arc
- List the divisions of the nervous system
- Identify the major anatomical components of the
brain and spinal cord and briefly comment in the function of each and their functions.

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PARTS OF NURVE CELLS

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neurotransmitters
A chemical that is released from a nerve cell which
thereby transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to
another nerve, muscle, organ, or other tissue.
. is a messenger of neurologic information from one
cell to another
40 neurotransmitters
• There are more than 40 neurotransmitters in the
human nervous system;
• some of the most important are acetylcholine,
norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, and histamine

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.

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Reflex Arc

• A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex

A complete pathway through the nervous
system from stimulus to response is termed a
reflex arc .

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1. Receptor-the end of a dendrite or some specialized
receptor cell, as in a special sense organ, that detects a
.stimuli.
2. Sensory neuron, or afferent neuron-a cell that
transmits impulses toward the CNS.
3. Central neuron-a cell or cells within the CNS.
These neurons may carry impulses to and from the
brain, may function within the brain, or may
distribute impulses to different regions of the spinal
cord.
4. Motor neuron, or efferent neuron-a cell that
carries impulses away from the CNS.
5. Effector-a muscle or a gland outside the CNS that
carries out a response.

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.

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.

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Divisions of the Brain

1.Brain stem
A. Medulla oblongata
B. Pons
C. Midbrain Cerebellum
2.Diencephalon
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
3. Cerebrum

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 .

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.

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.

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.

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.

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CNS

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.

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.

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.

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.

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.

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.

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.

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meninges

• cover the brain and spinal cord.

• Covering and Fluid Spaces Of the Brain and
Spinal Cord Nervous tissue is not a sturdy
tissue.
• Even moderate pressure can kill nerve cells,
so nature safeguards the chief organs made of
this tissue-the spinal cord and the brain-by
surrounding them with three fluid-containing
membranes
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.

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.

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.

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BRAIN FLUID SPACES

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.

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.

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.

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CHILDS BRAIN

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corpus callosum

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LIMBIC SYSTEM

• The limbic system is the part of

the brain involved in our behavioural and
emotional responses,
especially when it comes to behaviours
we need for survival: feeding, reproduction
and caring for our young, and fight or flight
responses.

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.

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.

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CRANIAL NERVES

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.

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.

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SPAINAL NERVES

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MOTOR NEURON

• The upper and lower motor
neurons form a two-neuron circuit.
• The upper motor neurons originate in
the cerebral cortex and travel down to the
brain stem or spinal cord,
• lower motor neurons begin in the spinal
cord and go on to innervate muscles and
glands throughout the body

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Thank you

The end

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