Work Force

Management
(WFM),
Job Design &
Work-
Measurement
WFM

– Workforce Management (WFM)

encompasses all the activities, processes, and
tools needed to manage a workforce. A
comprehensive WFM system  includes
planning, forecasting, scheduling, and
tracking workers to optimize the balance of
customer, employee, labour laws and
organizational needs.
Incentive plans

1. Individual plans
 Price rate
 Pay for skills
 Bonus point plan
2. Team based plans
3. Group based plan
 Profit sharing
 Gain sharing
Training Programs

To develop skills and make people

specialists.
– General training
– Administrative training
– Technical training
Problem Associated….

Through job specialization

– High turn over rate
– Repetitive work

Alternate to Job specialization

– Job enlargement
– Job rotation
– Job enrichment
Trends in WFM
1. Trends in Application WFM
Optimized Scheduling – Shift Patterns… day shifts night shift, rotational
patterns.

2. Absence Management

Used for entire workforce – hourly AND salaried

Attendance

Accruals

Scheduled and Unscheduled Incidental Absences

Leaves of Absence
 Trends in WFM

3. Operational Performance Analytics

– Scheduling Optimization

Performance, productivity, quality, overall equipment and labor effectiveness,

cost/margin analysis, etc.

4. Fitness for Duty

(esp., transportation, services, healthcare)

– Physical (Fatigue Management, Drug Screening, etc.)

– Competency (Certifications and Licenses)

– Compliance
 Labor Standards
The amount of time required to perform a job or part of a job.

Labor standards are set in four ways:

1. Historical experience
2. Time studies
3. Predetermined time standards
4. Work sampling

1. Historical Experience
Labor standards can be estimated based on historical experience —that is, how many
labor-hours were required to do a task the last time it was performed. Historical
standards have the advantage of being relatively easy and inexpensive to obtain.
2. Time Studies
The classical stopwatch study, or time study , originally proposed by Frederick W. Taylor
in 1881, involves timing a sample of a worker’s performance and using it to set a
standard.

a. Compute the average observed (actual) time. The average observed time is the
arithmetic mean of the times for each element measured.

Average observed time = Sum of the times recorded for each task
Number of observations

b. Normal time = Average observed time x Performance rating factor

c. Add the normal times for each element to develop a total normal time for the task.
d. Compute the standard time . This adjustment to the total normal time provides for
allowances such as personal needs, unavoidable work delays , and worker fatigue :

Standard time = ∑ Total normal time

(1 - Allowance factor)
Personal time allowances are often established in the range of 4% to 7% of total time
3. Predetermined time standards
Predetermined time standards divide manual work into small basic
elements that already have established times (based on very large samples of
workers). To estimate the time for a particular task, the time factors for each basic
element of that task are added together.
Developing a comprehensive system of predetermined time standards would
be prohibitively expensive for any given firm. Consequently, a number of systems are
commercially available. The most common predetermined time standard is methods
time measurement (MTM), which is a product of the MTM Association.
4. Work Sampling
The fourth method of developing labor or production standards, work sampling, was
developed in England by L. Tippet in the 1930s. Work sampling estimates the percent of
the time that a worker spends on various tasks. In this we determine the number of
observations (n).
Before, management must decide on the desired confidence level and accuracy.
z = number of standard deviations for the desired confidence level
*z = 1 for 68.27% confidence,
*z = 2 for 95.45% confidence, and
*z = 3 for 99.73% confidence

Number of Observation

n = required sample size

p = estimated value of sample proportion (of time worker is observed busy or idle)
h = acceptable error level, in percent ( but goes in decimal) ** ( Maximum + 5%)