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Introduction To Biostatistics: Dr. M. H. Rahbar
Introduction To Biostatistics: Dr. M. H. Rahbar
Introduction To Biostatistics: Dr. M. H. Rahbar
Dr. M. H. Rahbar
Professor of Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Director, Data Coordinating Center
College of Human Medicine
Michigan State University
What does “STATISTICS” mean?
The word “Statistics” has several meanings:
1. It is frequently used in referring to recorded
data
2. Statistics also denotes characteristics calculated
for a set of data, for example, sample mean
3. Statistics also refers to statistical methodology,
techniques and procedures dealing with the
design of experiments, collection, organization,
analysis of the information contained in a data
set to make inferences about the population
parameters
What do statisticians do?
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Convenience Sampling
• SCALE OF VARIABLE
– Nominal Scale
– Ordinal Scale
– Interval Scale
– Interval Ratio Scale
Scale of Data
1. Nominal: These data do not represent an amount
or quantity (e.g., Marital Status, Sex)
• TYPES OF VARIABLE
– independent
– dependent
– intermediate
– confounding
Independent Variable
4
Freq.
3
3-D Column 2
2 3-D Column 3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency Table
Now suppose we need to construct a similar
frequency table for the age of patients with Heart
related problems in a clinic.
The measurements are: 42, 38, 51, 53, 40, 68, 62,
36, 32, 45, 51, 67, 53, 59, 47, 63, 52, 64, 61, 43, 56,
58, 66, 54, 56, 52, 40, 55, 72, 69.
Age Groups Frequency Relative
Frequency
32 -36.99 2 2/30=0.067
37- 41.99 3 3/30=0.100
42-46.99 4 4/30=0.134
47-51.99 3 3/30=0.100
52-56.99 8 8/30=0.267
57-61.99 3 3/30=0.100
62-66.99 4 4/30=0.134
67-72 3 3/30=0.100
Total n=30 1.00
Measures of Central Tendency
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
Sample Mean
The arithmetic mean (or, simply, mean) is
computed by summing all the observations in the
sample and dividing the sum by the number of
observations.
1. Range
2. Variance
3. Standard deviation
Formula for Sample Variance &
Standard deviation S
n
( xi - x ) 2
2 i=1
s =
n -1
Standard deviation = S
Calculation of Variance and
Standard deviation
2 2 2 2
2 (6000 -18000 ) +(10000 -18000 ) +(10000 -18000 ) +(14000 -18000)+(50000 -18000 )
S= =
5-1
2
S = 328,000,000
S 18110.77
Empirical Rule
For a Normal distribution approximately,