Lacture # (Week-02) Fluid Mechanics-II

Mechanical Engineering Dept.
HITEC 1
Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Fluid Mechanics-II (ME 203)

Theory & Applications
Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 2

Fluid Mechanics-II (ME 203)

Theory & Application Course Instructor
Engr. Yasir Hamid
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engg.
HITEC University, Taxila Cantt
Contact Details

Course Outline & Reference Books
Reference Books
[1] Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, 4th Edition
[2] Fluid Mechanics”, by P. K. Kundu and I. M. Cohen,3rd edition, Academic Press, 2004.
[3] Viscous Fluid Flow”, by Frank M. White, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1991
[4] Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 4th Edition, by Munson, Young & Okiishi, John
Wiley & Sons.
Office Visiting Hours
 Office 12b MED,
 Phone: Ext 328
 Office Hours: 0830 - 1630 hrs.
 Lunch Break 1230 - 1330 hrs.
 Student Hours: 0930 - 1630 hrs. Tue

Main Text & Reference
Book
Text Book Reference Book 1 Reference Book 2

Grading Policy
Quizzes=20% for 2/CH−→ 3CR6 Quizzes, Sessional=15% each, Finals=50%
Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 03
Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 05
Sess 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Week 07
Quiz 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 08
Quiz 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 11
Sess 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Week 14
Quiz 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 15
Quiz 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 17
Finals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Week 19

Class Policy
 You are highly encouraged to ask questions and discuss the course material with me and your
classmates.
 No cheating, fabrication, falsification, forgery and computer misuse.
 Please switch off/put on silent your cell phones.
 Adhere to the given date for assignment submission.
 Academic Honesty: Plagiarism will not be tolerated at any level.
 Extra Help: Do not hesitate to come to my office during office hours or by appointment to
discuss a problem or any aspect of the course.
 University Attendance Policy: Students are expected to attend classes regularly. Minimum
attendance must be 75%.
Important Notes
Make-Up Of Any Exams / Quizzes / Sessional Will Not Be

Entertained – Make Sure To Attend It As Scheduled
Make Sure To Comply With The Attendance Policy (75%

minimum). No Relaxation Will Be Granted
Make Habit of Self-Study – Make Habit of Reading Books

Make Use of the Power of Internet for Research

Fluid Mechanics Software Packages
MATLAB

MATLAB

ANSYS


COMSOL Multiphysics

OpenFOAM

PowerFLOW

Course Outline

Course Outline

Course Outline

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

1. Students shall choose and apply the empirical data in the solution of practical fluid mechanics
problems.
2. Students shall demonstrate the ability to apply the working principles behind fluid phenomena such
as in the case of closed and open channel flows.
3. Students shall analyze complex fluid mechanics problems such as in fluid machinery using learned
knowledge and critical thinking.
The course is designed so that students will achieve the PLO/s:
PLO-I: Engineering Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and

engineering to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PLO-2: Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate and analyze complex engineering problems.

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
Chapter # 05
Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White 7th Edition

A physical model is a smaller or larger physical copy of an object.
Engineering models or physical Models are used to study complex fluid dynamics problems where
calculations and computer simulations aren't reliable.
Construction of a scale model, however, must be accompanied by an analysis to determine what

conditions it is tested under.
Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models. A

model is said to have similitude with the real application if the two-share
geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity.


The following criteria are required to achieve similitude;
 Geometric similarity
 Kinematic similarity
 Dynamic similarity

To satisfy the above conditions the application is analyzed;
 All parameters required to describe the system are identified using principles from continuum
mechanics.
 Dimensional analysis is used to express the system with as few independent variables and as many
dimensionless parameters as possible.
 The values of the dimensionless parameters are held to be the same for both the scale model and
application. This can be done because they are dimensionless and will ensure dynamic similitude
between the model and the application. The resulting equations are used to derive scaling laws
which dictate model testing conditions.


A copepod is a water crustacean approximately 1 mm in diameter. We want to know
the drag force on the copepod when it moves slowly in fresh water. A scale model 100
times larger is made and tested in glycerin at V =30 cm/s. The measured drag on the
model is 1.3 N. For similar conditions, what are the velocity and drag of the actual
copepod in water? Assume that Eq. (5.2) applies, and the temperature is 20°C.




 Fluid flow is influenced by several parameters like, the geometry, fluid properties and fluid
velocity. In the study of flow of real fluids analytical methods alone are found insufficient.
 Experimental work is rather costly and time consuming, particularly when more than three
parameters are involved.
 The mathematical method of dimensional analysis comes to our help in this situation. The number
of parameters can be reduced generally to three by grouping relevant variables to form
dimensionless parameters.
 In addition, these groups facilitate the presentation of the results of the experiments effectively
and to generalize the results so that these can be applied to similar situations.


Pipe Flow 𝐏 𝟏 > 𝐏𝟐
𝐏𝟏 𝑸 𝐏𝟐
Driving Force => Pressure Difference

 Viscosity, density, flow velocity and diameter are found to influence the flow.
 If the effect of each of these parameters on flow is separately studied the number of experiments
will be large. Also, these results cannot be generalized, and its usefulness will be limited.
 When the number of these variables are combined to form a dimensionless group like (u D ρ/µ) few
experiments will be sufficient to obtain useful information. This parameter can be varied by
varying one of the variables which will be the easier one to vary, for example velocity u. The results
will be applicable for various combinations of these parameters and so the results can be
generalized and extended to new situations.

𝝆 , 𝝁
𝑭
𝑫
𝑽 𝑫
𝑭 =𝒇 (𝑽 , 𝝆 , 𝑳 , 𝝁)
𝑫


𝑭 =𝒇 (𝑽 , 𝝆 , 𝑳 , 𝝁)
𝑫
𝝆 , 𝝁
𝑽 𝑫
𝑭
𝑫

𝑭𝑫 ′ 𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝑭 =𝒇 (𝑽 , 𝝆 , 𝑳 , 𝝁) 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕=𝑪 𝑫 = 𝑹𝒆𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒍 𝒅 𝒔 𝑵𝒐.=𝑹𝒆=
𝑫 𝟐 𝟐
𝝆𝑽 𝑫 𝝁
𝝆 , 𝝁
𝑽 𝑫
𝑭
𝑫



 Basically, dimensional analysis is a method for reducing the number and complexity of
experimental variables that affect a given physical phenomenon, by using a sort of compacting
technique.
 If a phenomenon depends on n dimensional variables, dimensional analysis will reduce the problem
to only dimensionless variables, where the reduction , depending on the problem complexity.
Generally, equals the number of different dimensions (sometimes called basic or primary or
fundamental dimensions) that govern the problem
𝝆 , 𝝁 𝑭 =𝒇 (𝑽 , 𝝆 , 𝑳 , 𝝁)
𝑫
𝑽 𝑭
𝑫
𝑳

Benefits of dimensionless analysis
 Reduction of number and complexity of experimental variables
 It helps n thinking and planning for an experiment or theory. It suggests variables that can be
discarded
 It provides scaling laws that can convert data from cheap, small model to design information for
expensive large prototypes
𝝆 , 𝝁 𝑭 =𝒇 (𝑽 , 𝝆 , 𝑳 , 𝝁)
𝑫
𝑽 𝑭
𝑫
𝑳

Mass [M]
Length [L]
Physical Quantities Time [T]
Electric Current [A]
Primary or Intensity of Light [cd]
Fundamental Physical Temperature [K]
Quantities Amount of Substance [Mol]
Speed
Force
Secondary or Derived Momentum
Physical Quantities Power
Torque
Acceleration
Density
Specific Gravity

Power (Exponent) raised to the base

quantity of unit. Speed=[M0L1T-1 –
Magnitude will not be considered



METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
 Intuitive method: This method relies on basic understanding of the phenomenon and then
identifying competing quantities like types of forces or lengths etc. and obtaining ratios of similar
quantities.
 Rayleigh method: This is also tedious and considerable expertise is needed to form these groups as
the number of unknowns will be more than the number of available equations. This method is also
called ‘‘indicial” method.
 Buckingham Pi theorem method: The application of this theorem provides an easy method to
identify dimensionless parameters (numbers). However, identification of the influencing parameters
is the job of an expert rather than that of a novice.


THE PRINCIPLE OF DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
 The principle is basic for the correctness of any equation. It states ‘‘If an equation truly expresses a
proper relationship between variables in a physical phenomenon, then each of the additive terms
will have the same dimensions, or these should be dimensionally homogeneous.’’
 For example, if an equation of the following form expresses a relationship between variables in a
process, then each of the additive term should have the same dimensions. In the expression, A + B =
C/D, A, B and (C/D) each should have the same dimension. This principle is used in dimensional
analysis to form dimensionless groups.
 Some empirical equations used in fluid mechanics may appear to be nonhomogeneous. In such
cases, the numeric constants are dimensional. The value of the constants in such equations will vary
with the system of units used.

BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
The statement of the theorem is as follows : If a relation among parameters exists in the form
then the parameters can be grouped into independent dimensionless ratios or parameters, expressed
in the form
where is the number of dimensions required to specify the dimensions of all the parameters, . It is also
possible to form new dimensionless parameters as a discrete function of the parameters. For example,
if there are four dimensionless parameters it is possible to obtain etc. as

0
𝑭 =𝒇 (𝑽 , 𝝆 , 𝑳 , 𝝁)
𝑫
𝑭𝑫
𝝅 𝟏¿ 𝑪 𝑫=
𝝆 , 𝝁 𝟐
𝝆𝑽 𝑫
𝟐
𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝝅 𝟐= 𝑹𝒆=
𝝁
𝑭
𝑫
𝑽 𝑫 𝑭𝑫
𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝒈( 𝝅 𝟏 , 𝝅 𝟐)=𝒈 𝟐
𝝆𝑽 𝑫 𝟐
,
( 𝝁 )
𝑭𝑫 𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝝅 𝟏 = 𝒈𝟏 𝟐
𝝆𝑽 𝑫 (
𝟐
,
𝝁 )
Step # 01: Write the Functional Relation
Step # 02: Select Pertinent Variables (Important Variables) represented by n. List all the parameters
that influence the phenomenon concerned.
𝝆 , 𝝁
𝑭
𝑫
𝑫
𝑽

Step # 03: Select a set of primary dimensions, (mass, length and time), (force, length and time), (mass,
length, time and temperature) are some of the sets used popularly. So, we Choose
Step # 04: List the dimensions of all parameters in terms of the chosen set of primary dimensions. Lists
the dimensions of various parameters involved. Number of

Step # 05: Select from the list of parameters a set of repeating parameters.
a) Don’t Select Dependent Variable

b) Variables Should Contain all m Dimensions
c) Don’t Select Dimensionless Variables as Repeating Variables
d) two parameters with same dimensions should not be chosen. say
Here we Choose:
Step # 06: Set up a dimensional equation with the repeating set and one of the remaining parameters

Step # 06: Set up a dimensional equation with the repeating set and one of the remaining parameters
or Write the Terms by combining the Repeating Variables with each of the Remaining Variables.
Step # 07: Solve the Equations from Step # 06. an equation for each dimension in terms of a, b, c, d
can be obtained. The solution of these set of equations will give the values of a, b, c and d. Thus
the π term will be defined.

Step # 07: Solve the Equations from Step # 06. an equation for each dimension in terms of a, b, c, d
can be obtained. The solution of these set of equations will give the values of a, b, c and d. Thus
the π term will be defined.
So set of equations are:


Similarly, for another
So set of equations are:


Step # 07: Write the Functional Dimensionless Relations & Check Dimensionality
𝑭𝑫 𝑭𝑫 𝝆 𝑽𝑫

𝝅 𝟏¿ 𝑪 𝑫=
𝝆𝑽 𝑫
𝟐 𝟐
𝒈( 𝝅 𝟏 , 𝝅 𝟐)=𝒈 ( 𝟐
𝝆𝑽 𝑫
𝟐
,
𝝁 )
𝒐𝒓
𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝝅 𝟐= 𝑹𝒆=
𝝁



(Assignments Frank M. White)

(Assignments)

(Assignments)

(Assignments Problems With One Pi-Term)

(Assignments Problems With Three Pi-Term)

(Assignments Problems With Four Pi-Term)

Book Reference : Chapter # 08-Dimensional Analysis Fluid Mechanics
and Machinery by C.P. Kothandaraman & R. Rudramoorthy
Book Reference : Chapter # 05-Dimensional Analysis Fluid Mechanics

By Frank M. White

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Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Fluid Mechanics-II (ME 203)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 2

Fluid Mechanics-II (ME 203)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 3

[1] Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, 4th Edition

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 4

Text Book Reference Book 1 Reference Book 2

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 5

Quizzes=20% for 2/CH−→ 3CR6 Quizzes, Sessional=15% each, Finals=50%

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 6

 No cheating, fabrication, falsification, forgery and computer misuse.

 Please switch off/put on silent your cell phones.

 Adhere to the given date for assignment submission.

 Academic Honesty: Plagiarism will not be tolerated at any level.

Make-Up Of Any Exams / Quizzes / Sessional Will Not Be

Make Sure To Comply With The Attendance Policy (75%

Make Habit of Self-Study – Make Habit of Reading Books

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 8

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 9

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 10

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 11

Fluid Mechanics Software Packages

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 12

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 13

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 14

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 15

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 16

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 17

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

as in the case of closed and open channel flows.

PLO-I: Engineering Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 18

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White 7th Edition

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 19

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

A physical model is a smaller or larger physical copy of an object.

Construction of a scale model, however, must be accompanied by an analysis to determine what

Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models. A

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 20

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 21

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

To satisfy the above conditions the application is analyzed;

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 22

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 23

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 24

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 25

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 26

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

Driving Force => Pressure Difference

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 27

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 28