Mechanical Engineering Dept.

HITEC 1
Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Fluid Mechanics-II (ME 203)

Theory & Applications

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 2

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Fluid Mechanics-II (ME 203)

Theory & Application Course Instructor
Engr. Yasir Hamid
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engg.
HITEC University, Taxila Cantt

Contact Details

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 3

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Course Outline & Reference Books

Reference Books

[1] Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, 4th Edition

[2] Fluid Mechanics”, by P. K. Kundu and I. M. Cohen,3rd edition, Academic Press, 2004.

[3] Viscous Fluid Flow”, by Frank M. White, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1991

[4] Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 4th Edition, by Munson, Young & Okiishi, John
Wiley & Sons.
Office Visiting Hours
 Office 12b MED,
 Phone: Ext 328
 Office Hours: 0830 - 1630 hrs.
 Lunch Break 1230 - 1330 hrs.
 Student Hours: 0930 - 1630 hrs. Tue

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 4

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Main Text & Reference
Book

Text Book Reference Book 1 Reference Book 2

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 5

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Grading Policy

Quizzes=20% for 2/CH−→ 3CR6 Quizzes, Sessional=15% each, Finals=50%

Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 03
Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 05
Sess 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Week 07
Quiz 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 08
Quiz 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 11
Sess 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Week 14
Quiz 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 15
Quiz 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Week 17
Finals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Week 19

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 6

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Class Policy
 You are highly encouraged to ask questions and discuss the course material with me and your
classmates.

 No cheating, fabrication, falsification, forgery and computer misuse.

 Please switch off/put on silent your cell phones.

 Adhere to the given date for assignment submission.

 Academic Honesty: Plagiarism will not be tolerated at any level.

 Extra Help: Do not hesitate to come to my office during office hours or by appointment to
discuss a problem or any aspect of the course.

 University Attendance Policy: Students are expected to attend classes regularly. Minimum
attendance must be 75%.
Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 7
Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Important Notes

Doors Will Be Closed After 15 Minutes Of Lecture Start Time

Make-Up Of Any Exams / Quizzes / Sessional Will Not Be

Entertained – Make Sure To Attend It As Scheduled

Make Sure To Comply With The Attendance Policy (75%

minimum). No Relaxation Will Be Granted

Make Habit of Self-Study – Make Habit of Reading Books

Make Use of the Power of Internet for Research

“Never Hesitate To Ask Questions –

– There Are No Stupid Questions”

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 8

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Course Outline

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 9

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Course Outline

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 10

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Course Outline

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 11

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

1. Students shall choose and apply the empirical data in the solution of practical fluid mechanics
problems.

2. Students shall demonstrate the ability to apply the working principles behind fluid phenomena such

as in the case of closed and open channel flows.

3. Students shall analyze complex fluid mechanics problems such as in fluid machinery using learned
knowledge and critical thinking.
The course is designed so that students will achieve the PLO/s:

PLO-I: Engineering Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and

engineering to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PLO-2: Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate and analyze complex engineering problems.

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 12

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Chapter # 06

Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White 7th Edition

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 13

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Channels or Conduits; Used to
Ideal Fluid Flows or Frictionless flows (inviscid)
Transport/Carry Fluids (Liquids + Gases)
Real Fluid Flows or Frictional Flows (Viscous)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 14

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Closed Channel Flow: Ducts/Conduit which is completely filled with the fluid being transported is
called Closed Channel Flow.

Open Channel Flow: Ducts/Conduit which is not Completely filled with the fluid being transported
and have a free surface or exposed to the atmosphere is called open Channel Flow.

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 15

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts

External Flow: The flow in which the object or conduit is completely surrounded by the fluid and the
flows are termed as external flows.

Internal Flow: The flow in which the fluid and the flows are completely surrounded by the object or
conduits are termed as internal flows (Blood in arteries, air in lungs).

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 16

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Closed Conduit (Commonly Called a Pipe if it is of Round Cross Section)

Duct if it is Not Round) is Extremely Important in our Daily Operations.

Applications:

Man-Made Alaskan Pipeline

Natural Systems of Pipes that Carry Blood Throughout Our Body

Air Into and Out of Our Lungs

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 17

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIL5PRohXZE&ab_channel=documentariesbest

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 18

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Theoretical Parameters for Piping Network

 Length of Pipe Diameter of Pipe

 Shape of Duct Head Losses (Energy + Pressure Losses)

 Fluid Properties Pipe Roughness

 Fluid Entrance Velocity

Piping Network Components

 Sudden Contraction Sudden Enlargement

 Bends & Elbows Fittings

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 19

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Piping Network Components

 Sudden Contraction Sudden Enlargement

 Bends & Elbows Fittings

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 20

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week

Viscous Flow in Ducts (Fluid Flow Behavior)

State of the Fluid (Hydraulics) It is not a property

of fluid
Static Fluid
&
Dynamic Fluid
Fluid Dynamic Fluid Behavior
Mechanics
Laminar Flow
Behavior of Fluid(Fluid Mechanics) Transition Flow
Turbulent Flow
Static Fluid Behavior
&
Dynamic Fluid Behavior

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 21

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (G. H. L. Hagen Experiment)

Velocity
Measurement Using

Anemometer

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 22

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (G. H. L. Hagen Experiment)

  𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝑪𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 : 𝑹𝒆=
𝝁
  𝝆 𝑽𝑳
𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 : : 𝑹𝒆=
𝝁
Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 23
Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (G. H. L. Hagen Experiment)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 24

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (G. H. L. Hagen Experiment)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 25

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Fluid Flow Behaviour)

 Given Data:

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 26

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Fluid Flow Behaviour)

 Given Data:

Similarly for water it would be:

Water:

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 27

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Fluid Flow Behaviour)

 Given Data:

These are very low velocities, so most engineering air and water pipe flows are turbulent, not

laminar. We might expect laminar duct flow with more viscous fluids such as lubricating oils or

glycerin

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 28

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts
(Boundary Layer Thickness (Flat Plate / Entrance Length)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 29

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts
(Boundary Layer Thickness (Closed Conduits/ Entrance Length)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 30

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Entrance Length)
Any fluid flowing in a pipe had to enter the pipe at some location. The region of flow near where
the fluid enters the pipe is termed the entrance region. It may be the first few feet of a pipe
connected to a tank or the initial portion of a long run of a hot air duct coming from a furnace.

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 31

The fluid typically enters the The boundary
pipe with a nearly uniform
velocity profile at section (1).
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Entrance Length)
layer has grown in
thickness to
As the fluid moves through the completely fill the
pipe, viscous effects cause it to pipe.
stick to the pipe wall (the no-
slip boundary condition)

Inviscid core in
which viscous
effects are
negligible.

A boundary layer in which viscous

effects are important is produced
along the pipe wall such that the Entrance
initial velocity profile changes Length is a
with distance along the pipe, x, Function of
until the fluid reaches the end of Reynold’s No.
the entrance length, section (2)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 32

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Entrance Length)
 𝑳 =𝒇 (𝑽 , 𝝆 , 𝑫 , 𝝁)
𝒆

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 33

 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
 Step # 01: Write the Functional Relation

Step # 02: Select Pertinent Variables (Important Variables) represented by n

Step # 03: Select a set of primary dimensions, (mass, length and time)

Step # 04: List the dimensions of all parameters in terms of the chosen set of primary dimensions.

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 34

 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
 Step # 05: Select from the list of parameters a set of repeating parameters. Here we Choose:

Step # 06: Set up a dimensional equation with the repeating set and one of the remaining parameters.

Step # 07: Solve the Equations from Step # 06. an equation for each dimension in terms of a, b, c, d can
be obtained.

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 35

 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
 

So set of equations are:

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 36

 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
 Similarly, for another

So set of equations are:

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 37

 Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
Step # 07: Write the Functional Dimensionless Relations & Check Dimensionality

  𝑳𝒆   𝝆 𝑽𝑫
𝝅 𝟏= 𝝅 𝟐= 𝑹𝒆=
𝑫 𝝁
  𝑳𝒆 𝝆 𝑽𝑫 𝑳𝒆  
𝒈( 𝝅 𝟏 , 𝝅 𝟐)=𝒈
𝑫 (
,  𝝅
𝝁 ) 𝟏= 𝒈 ( 𝝅 𝑫
𝟐)
= 𝒈 ( 𝑹𝒆 )

Experimentally has been found that:

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 38

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Entrance Length)

It is the pressure difference,

between one section of the
horizontal pipe and another which
forces the fluid through the pipe.
in the entrance region Viscous effects provide the
there is a balance restraining force that exactly
between pressure, balances the pressure force,
viscous, and inertia thereby allowing the fluid to flow
acceleration forces. through the pipe with no
acceleration.

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 39

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Entrance Length)

 Given Data:

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 40

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Entrance Length)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 41

Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Entrance Length)

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 42

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
Viscous Flow in Ducts
(Hydraulically “Rough” And “Smooth” Pipes)
Kinematic Viscosity
Pipe Friction Factor 𝜹  𝒍

Flow Velocity
Smooth Pipe

Rough Pipe  Pipe Roughness

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 43

 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
1  𝑷𝟏=𝑷 𝟐+ ∆ 𝑷 gsin𝜑

𝑹
  𝝋  gcos𝜑
r
g
u(r) 𝝉  𝒘

𝝉  (𝐫)
2  𝑷 𝟐
Equation of the Profile:

𝝋 
z1
x
z2

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 44

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )

Now by Applying control Volume and 1D continuity Equation for incompressible flow:

  𝑸 𝟏 =𝑸 𝟐

𝑽 𝟏 𝑨 𝟏=𝑽 𝟐 𝑨 𝟐
 

As per given flow data

 𝑨 𝟐
𝟏 = 𝑨 𝟐 = 𝝅 𝑹

𝑽 𝟏=𝑽 𝟐=𝑽 𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝑽 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏

 

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 45

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )

Now by Applying control Volume and Bernoulli’s Theorem for incompressible flow:

  𝒑 𝑽𝟐 𝒑 𝑽𝟐
( 𝝆𝒈
+𝜶
𝟐𝒈
+𝒛 =
𝟏 𝝆𝒈 ) (
+𝜶
𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛 +𝒉𝒇
𝟐
)
 ( 𝜶 ) 𝟏= ( 𝜶 ) 𝟐

  𝒑 𝒑
( ) ( ) 𝝆𝒈
+𝒛 =
𝟏 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝒛 +𝒉 𝒇
𝟐

  𝒑 𝒑
( 𝝆 𝒈 ) − ( 𝝆 𝒈 ) + 𝒛 − 𝒛 =𝒉
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝒇

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 46

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
 
Now by simple mean: Head loss relates the pressure drop and gravitation head as:

  ∆𝒑
𝒉𝒇 = +∆ 𝒛  ( 𝜶 )
𝝆𝒈

The pipe head loss equals the change in the sum of

pressure and gravity head—that is, the change in
height of the hydraulic grade line (HGL).

𝒉  𝒇 =𝑯𝑮 𝑳𝟏 − 𝑯𝑮 𝑳𝟐

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 47

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
Finally apply the momentum balance to the control volume:

 ∑ 𝑭 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 = ∆ 𝒑 ( 𝝅 𝑹 ) + 𝝆 𝒈 ( 𝝅 𝑹 ) 𝑳𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋 − 𝝉 𝒘 ( 𝟐 𝝅 𝑹 ) 𝑳=𝒎
˙ ( 𝑽 𝟐 − 𝑽 𝟏 )=𝟎

By rearranging, we get ∆
  𝒛= 𝑳𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋

 ∆ 𝒑 ( 𝑹 )+ 𝝆 𝒈 ( 𝑹 ) ∆ 𝒛 − 𝝉 𝒘 ( 𝟐 ) 𝑳=𝟎
  𝟐 𝝉𝒘 𝑳
∆ 𝒑+ 𝝆 𝒈 ∆ 𝒛 =
𝑹
 ∆
𝒑 𝟐 𝝉𝒘 𝑳
+ ∆ 𝒛=  ( 𝜷 )
𝝆𝒈 𝝆 𝒈𝑹
Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 48
 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
 Now by simplifying & Equating equation

 ∆
𝒑 𝟐 𝝉𝒘 𝑳   𝟐𝝉𝒘 𝑳  ∆𝒑 𝟐 𝝉𝒘 𝑳 𝟒 𝝉 𝒘 𝑳
+ ∆ 𝒛= 𝒉𝒇 = + ∆ 𝒛=𝒉 = =  ( 𝜸 )
𝝆𝒈 𝝆 𝒈𝑹 𝝆 𝒈𝑹 𝝆𝒈 𝒇 𝝆 𝒈𝑹 𝝆 𝒈𝒅

How should we correlate the head loss for pipe flow problems?

The answer to this question is given by Julius Weisbach, a

German professor who in 1850 published the first modern
textbook on hydrodynamics.

  𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =𝒇
𝒅 𝟐𝒈
Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 49
 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
 The dimensionless parameter is called the Darcy friction factor, after Henry Darcy (1803–1858),
a French engineer whose pipe flow experiments in 1857 first established the effect of roughness on
pipe resistance.

  𝑳 𝑽
𝟐
𝟒𝝉𝒘𝑳
𝒇 =
𝒅 𝟐𝒈 𝝆 𝒈𝒅

  𝟖𝝉𝒘
𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒚 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒇 =
𝝆𝑽𝟐

  𝜺
𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄𝒏 ( 𝑹𝒆𝒅 , , 𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆 )
𝒅

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 50

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
Now the problem is to find shear stress at the wall for which we need to evaluate the average
velocity, which is given as:

  where as

Now the given flow rate would be:

  𝝅 𝑹 𝟐 ∆ 𝒑+ 𝝆 𝒈 ∆ 𝒛 𝑹 𝟐
𝑸=𝑽 × 𝑨 𝑿 −𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟐 𝑳 4𝝁
  𝝅 𝑹𝟒 ∆ 𝒑+ 𝝆 𝒈 ∆ 𝒛
𝑸=
𝟖𝝁 ( 𝑳 )
Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 51
 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
Now the shear stress at the wall would be:

 
𝒅𝒖 𝟐𝒓 𝟐
𝝉 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝝁
𝒅𝒓 |𝒓= 𝑹
= 𝝁 𝒖 𝒎𝒂𝒙
( )|
𝑹
𝟐
𝒓 =𝑹
= 𝝁 𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 ( ) 𝑹

  𝟐 𝟖 𝝁𝑽
𝝉 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝝁 𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 ( ) 𝑹
=
𝒅

  𝟖 𝝉𝒘 𝟖 𝟖𝝁𝑽 𝟔𝟒 𝝁 𝟔𝟒
𝒇= 𝟐
= 𝟐
= =
𝝆𝑽 𝝆𝑽 𝒅 𝝆 𝑽𝑫 𝐑𝐞

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 52

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
Now the Head Loss for laminar flow would be:

  𝟖 𝝉𝒘 𝟖 𝟖 𝝁 𝑽 𝟔𝟒 𝝁
𝒇= 𝟐
= 𝟐
=
𝝆𝑽 𝝆𝑽 𝒅 𝝆𝑽𝒅

  𝑳 𝑽 𝟐 𝟔𝟒 𝝁 𝑳 𝑽 𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =𝒇 = ×
𝒅 𝟐 𝒈 𝝆 𝑽𝒅 𝒅 𝟐 𝒈

  𝟑𝟐 𝝁 𝑽 𝑳 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝝁 𝑳𝑸
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐
= 𝟒
𝝆𝒈𝒅 𝝅 𝝆𝒈𝒅

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 53

 Course ME 203, FLUID MECHANICS II, CR 3, (2+1)/week
 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )
Now for Laminar Pipe Flow Analysis, there are two main formulas:

  𝟔𝟒
𝒇=
𝑹𝒆

  𝟑𝟐 𝝁 𝑽 𝑳
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐
𝝆𝒈𝒅

  𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝝁 𝑳 𝑸
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟒
𝝅 𝝆𝒈 𝒅

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 54

 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 55

 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 56

 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )

Mechanical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt 57

 
Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )

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Viscous Flow in Ducts (Head Loss & Friction Factor )

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