PHARMACEUTICAL CARE:

DRP, MEDICATION ERRORS,

IRRATIONAL USE OF MEDICINES
SYIFA FAUZIAH (2019000085)
VIRANDITA DIANDRA (2019000095)
KELAS C
DEFINITION
A. Drug Related Problems: A Drug-Related Problem is an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that
actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes.
B. Medication Errors: a medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate
medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or
consumer. Such events may be related to professional practice, health care products, procedures, and systems,
including prescribing, order communication, product labeling, packaging, and nomenclature, compounding, dispensing,
distribution, administration, education, monitoring, and use.
C. Irrational Use of Medicines: medicines are inappropriately prescribed, dispensed, or sold, or the patients take
their medicines incorrectly.

Kriteria penggunaan obat yang rasional • tepat jenis obat

• tepat dosis
• ketepatan penilaian kondisi pasien • tepat cara dan lama pemberian
• tepat informasi dengan memperhatikan
• tepat diagnosis
keterjangkauan harga, kepatuhan pasien, dan waspada
• tepat indikasi efek samping.
EXAMPLES OF DRUG-RELATED PROBLEM
To know about the examples of DRP, we must know about the causes of DRP first
Classification:
1. Unnecessary drug therapy
2. Wrong drug
3. Dosage too low
4. Adverse drug reaction
5. Dosage too high
6. Inappropriate compliance
7. Needs additional drug therapy
EXAMPLES OF
MEDICATION ERRORS

A.
Prescribing
error
EXAMPLES OF MEDICATION ERRORS
B. Dispensing error:
1. Candesartan yang diresepkan 16 mg, namun yang disiapkan candesartan 8 mg.
2. Look-alike 3. Sound-alike

C. Administration error
Pemberian obat pada pasien yang salah
EXAMPLES OF IRRATIONAL USE OF MEDICINES

• use of too many medicines per patient "poly-

pharmacy"
• inappropriate use of antimicrobials, often in
inadequate dosage, for non-bacterial infections
• over-use of injections when oral formulations
would be more appropriate
• failure to prescribe in accordance with clinical
guidelines
• inappropriate self-medication, often of
prescription-only medicines
• non-adherence to dosing regimes.
CAUSES OF DRP,
ME, IRRATIONAL
USE OF MEDICINES
 HOW TO PREVENT THEM?

• Prior authorization
• Guideline adherence by providers (kepatuhan penyedia layanan kesehatan terhadap guideline terapi yang
ada)
• National policies to improve appropriate use of medicines

• Edukasi kepada • Teknologi elektronik:

pasien E-prescribing

Contoh kebijakan nasional yang

berlaku di beberapa negara
EXAMPLE OF E-PRESCRIPTION
CONCLUSIONS
• Irrational use of drug merupakan bagian dari drug-related problem, dan DRP merupakan bagian dari
medication errors.
• Medication errors tidak hanya melibatkan aspek kefarmasian, tetapi juga melibatkan sistem pelayanan
kesehatan secara keseluruhan.
THANK YOU! 
REFERENCES

• https://www.pcne.org/working-groups/2/drug-related-problem-classification
• https://www.nccmerp.org/about-medication-errors
• Rational use of medicines. WHO.
• https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/742630_5
• Irrational Use of Medicines—A Summary of Key Concepts. Richard Ofori-Asenso and Akosua Adom
Agyeman. Pharmacy 2016, 4, 35; doi:10.3390
• Penggunaan obat rasional. Kemkes.go.id
• Problems of irrational drug use. WHO.
• Managing rational medicines use. MDS-3: Managing Access to Medicines and Health Technologies,
Chapter 27.