Printed circuit board

By
B005,D057
Nyla Vaidya and Diya shah
What are PCB’S ?

 PCB’s are the backbone of electrical devices

 They are non-0conductive boards that hold all electronic components through a circuit
embossed over it.
 PCB’s are built to last for a wide range of industrial, commercial, and domestic
applications
 They can be customized to any specifications to users’ requirement’s.
History

 PCB’s were first developed during the second world war.

 They were first used in transformers and capacitors.
 The revolutionary invention was made by an Austrian engineer, Paul Eisler.
 Since 1929, PCB’s have been mass produced for commercia applications.
PCB Types

 1. Single sided : Base material(rigid laminate with a woven glass epoxy base material) clad
with copper on one side.
 2. Double sided :The assembly encompasses a base material with copper on its both sides.
 3. Multi layered : encompasses several layers of substrates. Each layer is separated by an
insulation.
Board styles

 The most common board styles are :

 1. rigid: solid construction

 2. flex: flexible circuits
 3. rigid-flex : multi-circuit boards
 4. hybrid: very small circuit, can be integrated as part of a larger circuit.
Parts of PCB

 The assembly consists of the following parts:

 Components – Actual devices in the board, PCB Components can be categorized as active
and passive.

 Active components include :

 1. diode : allows current to flow in one direction
 2. transistor : amplifies and switches electrical power and electronic signals
 3. Integrated circuits : Responsible for several signal processing functions.
 Passive components include :
1. capacitor : it stores and discharges electricity

2. resistor : limits the power of electric current

3. inductor: responsible for creating magnetic field.

Parts of PCB

 Pads : location where components connect/ solder to

 Traces: connects pads together
 Vias: responsible for making electrical connections between the layer of PCB
 Top metal layer: the layer where most of the components are assembled. Fewer traces in
this layer.
 Bottom metal layer: fewer components in bottom layer and many traces.
Package types

 PCB components can be mounted onto the board into the board in 2 ways

 1. Surface mount : PCB components are mounted directly onto the board.

 2. Through hole : Components with leads are inserted through mounting holes, hence the
name through hole.
Manufacturing / Assembling steps

 Following are the steps of PCB Manufacturing :

1. Base material preparation – Clean the laminate, containing copper foil.
2. Cutting the base material – Post the cleaning process, cut the laminate to
required specifications.
3. Apply adhesive on the laminate - choose between epoxy or acrylic adhesives to
get the job done.
4. Generate circuit pattern – Desired circuit patterns can be generated by screen
printing or photo imaging.
5. Etch the circuit pattern – Etch the copper laminate containing the circuit pattern.
6. Drilling – Drill holes, pads, and vias by using high speed drilling tools.
7. Through hole plating – Deposit the holes with copper, they must be chemically plated.
8. Apply cover lay – Protect the top and bottom side of the board by applying suitable cover
lay.
9. Cutting rex – cut the individual flex from the production panel.
10. cleaning – clean flux residues that are left behind during the manufacturing process. Use
water solution or active cleaning agents.
11. testing – this includes automated optical inspection (AOI), flying probe test, functional
test and burn in test.
12. Rework – rework may be done on the PCB in case of : component missing, component
replacement, trace or pad repair, cuts and jumps.