Pengenalan Mineral

Pengertian Mineral
 Mineral adalah bahan bentukan alam yang mempunyai komposisi kimia tertentu, pada
umumnya anorganik, dan kristalin padat

 "A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has
been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995).
 
 "Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable
chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990).
 
 "A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a
definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968).
 
 "These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics
that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms
make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966).
 
 "A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually a
definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain
characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other
physical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932).
 
 "Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite
molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties,
constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898).
Bagaimana orang mempelajari mineral

 Berdasarkan sifat fisik

 Berdasarkan komposisi kimia
 Berdasarkan sifat optik (dengan bantuan
mikroskop polarisasi dan pantul)
 Berdasarkan struktur ikatan kimia (x-ray
diffraction)
 Bagaimana cara terbentuknya
Sifat Fisik Mineral
 Warna (color)
 Cerat (streak)
 Kilap (luster)
 Kekerasan (hardness)
 Belahan (cleavage)
 Pecahan (fracture)
 Bentuk kristal (crystal form)
 Masa jenis dan kerapatan (specific gravityand unit weight)
 Daya hantar panas, listrik (heat & electrical conductivity)
 Indeks bias (
 Daya simpan cahaya (fluorescence)
 Kemagnitan (magnetism)
Warna (Color)
 Warna: warna mineral
dalam keadaan utuh.
Warna mineral biasanya
dipengaruhi oleh
komposisi kimia
Cerat (Streak)
 Warna mineral dalam bentuk bubuk
Kilap (Luster)
Kemampuan permukaan mineral merefleksikan cahaya
macamnya
 Metallic (logam)
 Vitreous (kaca)
 Resinous (resin)
 Greasy (lemak)
 Earthy (tanah)
 Pearly (mutiara)
 Silky (sutera)
 Adamantin (intan)
Kilap (Luster)
Kekerasan (Hardness)
 Kekerasan adalah ketahanan mineral terhadap goresan
Chemical
Bounding
and
Cleavage
Cleavage
Cleavage
Fracture
Ikatan Kimia

Ikatan Ionik / Logam

Ikatan Kovalen
Chemical Bounding and Mineral Form
Mineral Form
Mineral Form (Crystal)
Mineral form
 Old Da na Cla ssific a tio n
I Na tive Ele me nts
Chemical II Sulfide s
Composition III Oxid e s a nd Hyd ro xid e s
/ Classification IV Ha lide s
V Ca rbo na te s, Nitra te s,
Bo ra te s
VI Sulfa te s, Chro ma te s,
Mo lybda te s
VII Pho sp ha te s, Arse na te s,
Va na da te s
IX Org a nic Mine ra ls
VIII Silic a te s
Ne so silic a te s
So ro silic a te s
C y c lo silic a te s
Ino silic a te s
Phy llo silic a te s
Te kto silic a te s
No t Cla ssifie d Silic a te s
Ne w Da na Cla ssific a tio n
Cla ss 1
Cla sse s 2 & 3
Cla sse s 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8
Cla sse s 9, 10, 11, & 12
Cla sse s (13, 14, 15, 16a , 16b , 17) C a rb o na te s
(18, 19, 20) Nitra te s
(21, 22, 23)Io d a te s
(24, 25, 26, & 27) Bo ra te s
Cla sse s (28, 29, 30, 31, 32) Sulfa te s
(33) Se le na te s & Te llura te s
(34) Se le nite s - Te llurite s - Sulfite s
(35, & 36) C hro m a te s
Cla sse s (37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43) Pho sp ha te s
(44, 45, 46) An tino m a te s
(47) Va na d a te s e t. a l.
(48, & 49) Mo lyb d a te s & Tung sta te s
Cla ss 50
C la sse s 51, 52, 53, & 54
C la sse s 55, 56, 57, & 58
C la sse s 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, & 64
C la sse s 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, & 70
C la sse s 71, 72, 73, & 74
C la sse s 75, 76, & 77
C la ss 78
Co mple te List (860 Kb) Cla sse s 1-78
Contoh
Mineral Non
Silicate
Sifat Optik Mineral
Sifat Optik Mineral
Principle of petrographic Mineral on petrographic
microscope microscope
X-ray analysis
 Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is one of the primary techniques
used by mineralogists and solid state chemists to examine the
physico-chemical make-up of unknown solids. This data is
represented in a collection of single-phase X-ray powder diffraction
patterns for the three most intense D values in the form of tables of
interplanar spacings (D), relative intensities (I/Io), hkl plane, mineral
name and chemical formulas.

 The XRD technique takes a sample of the material and places a

powdered sample in a holder, then the sample is illuminated with x-
rays of a fixed wave-length and the intensity of the reflected
radiation is recorded using a goniometer. This data is then analyzed
for the reflection angle to calculate the inter-atomic spacing (D value
in Angstrom units - 10-8 cm). The intensity(I) is measured to
discriminate(using I ratios) the various D spacings and the results
are compared to this table to identify possible matches.
Contoh Hasil X-ray