Quarter 1 Module 5

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Cell Cycle Checkpoints

P R E PA R E D B Y:
Ms. Kimberly Joy C. Astorga, SST
I Subject Teacher
OBJECTIVES
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. determine and characterize the phases of the cell cycle and
their control points.
2. explain the importance of checkpoints in the cell cycle.
 • Ordered series of events
CELL CYCLE
of all phases in the life of
a cell.

M phase Interphase
(Mitosis)
 CELL
G1 phase
CYCLE (Gap 1)
A. Interphase
• G1 phase – Growth M phase
(Mitosis)
• S phase – DNA synthesis S phase
(Synthesis)
• G2 – growth and
preparation for mitosis G2 phase
(Gap 2)
B. MITOSIS
CHECKPOINTS
• Critical points in cell cycle where
‘STOP’ and ‘GO’ signals can regulate the
cycle.
CELL CYCLE G1 phase
CHECKPOINTS (Gap 1)

M phase
(Mitosis) S phase
(Synthesis)
G2 phase
(Gap 2)
 IF ERROR FOUND:

G0 PHASE
•if given the ‘stop’ signal at G1, the cell exits the cell cycle an
remains in G0 phase
• non dividing state

APOPTOSIS
• Also referred to as Programmed Cell Death (PCD)
• the cell self-destructs
 CHECKPOINT REGULATORS
Kinase
• protein which activates or deactivates another protein
responsible for giving ‘STOP” and ‘GO’ signals during in
cell cycle checkpoints.
• often called as Cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase
Cyclin
• protein that activates kinase
MPF or Maturation Promoting Factor
• aggregations of CdK and Cyclin at the end of G2 checkpoint
• function in activating key proteins in mitosis
 CHECKPOINT REGULATORS
Positive Regulators
promote progress of the cell to the next phase.
Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

Negative Regulators
halts the cycle.
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53 and p21
 POSITIVE REGULATIONPG
PG
Cycli
Cdk n
Cycli Cycli
Cdk n
Cdk n • Activated Cdk-
Target
Protein Cyclin complex
phosphorylates
• Cyclin binds to • Cdk-Cyclin target protein.
Cdk complex is
phosphorylated
PG
Target
• Activated Protein
protein
Cyclin Dependent Kinase advances the
cell cycle
 NEGATIVE REGULATION
p53
• multifunctional protein with that acts when a there is DNA damage
during G1.
• It halts the cell cycle and recruits enzymes to repair DNA, if cannot be
repaired, it triggers apoptosis.
p21
• triggered as level of p53 increases.
• halts the cycle by inhibiting the activity of Cdk/cyclin complexes
 Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
• Rb monitors cell size. It is active in its dephosphorylated state.
PG
Rb
Rb
Cell Growth
E2F
E2F
DNA DNA

• Rb binds to proteins called transcription factors, most commonly

E2F and halts the production of proteins needed for G1/S transition.
• Once Rb was phosphorylated, it releases E2F advancing the cell
cycle.
END.