Chapter 2: Networking Models

1. LAYERED TASKS
2. OSI MODEL
3. TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
4. ADDRESSING
 1. LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life

let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail
The process of sending a letter to a friend
would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office
The figure below shows Tasks involved in
sending a letter
Cont…
 2. OSI MODEL
Established in 1947
the International Standards Organization
(ISO) a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international
standards
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
 Cont…
The purpose of the OSI model is to show how
to facilitate communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic
of the underlying hardware and software
OSI model is not a protocol
 it is a model for understanding and designing
a network architecture that is flexible, robust,
and interoperable
ISO is the organization
OSI is the model
 Cont…
consists of seven separate but related
layers
each layer defines a part of the
process of moving information across a
network
The figure below shows Seven layers
of the OSI model
Cont…
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
An exchange using the OSI model
 Cont…
At each layer, a header, or possibly a trailer,
can be added to the data unit
Commonly, the trailer is added only at layer
2
At physical layer data is changed into an
electromagnetic signal and transported along
a physical link
the headers and trailers attached to it at the
corresponding sending layer are removed
 Encapsulation
A packet (header and data) at level 7 is
encapsulated in a packet at level 6.
The whole packet at level 6 is
encapsulated in a packet at level 5, and so
on.
This concept is called encapsulation
 Physical layer
coordinates the functions required to carry
a bit stream over a physical medium
mechanical and electrical specifications of
the interface
defines the procedures and functions that
physical devices and interfaces have to
perform for transmission
data consists of a stream of bits
bits must be encoded into signals--electrical
or optical
Data rate (transmission rate) defined
 Cont…
Synchronization of bits:- the sender and receiver not
only must use the same bit rate but also must be
synchronized at the bit level.
Line configuration - connection of devices to the
media
Physical topology – network topologies
Transmission mode - simplex, half-duplex, or full-
duplex
responsible for movements of individual bits from
one hop (node) to the next
The figure below shows Physical layer data
transmission mode
 Data Link Layer
Framing - divides the stream of bits received
from the network layer into manageable data
units
Physical addressing - adds a header to the frame
to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame
Flow control – mechanism to avoid
overwhelming the receiver
Error control
Access control
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next
The figure below shows data link transmission
Data link Hop-to-hop delivery
 Network Layer

responsible for the source-to-destination

delivery of a packet
Logical addressing
Routing
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.
The figure below shows Network layer data
Network layer Source-to-destination delivery
 Transport Layer
responsible for process-to-process delivery of
the entire message
A process is an application program running
on a host
Service-point addressing - port address
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control - either connectionless or
connection oriented
Flow control
 Cont…
Like the data link layer it is responsible for flow
control
flow control at this layer is performed end to end
rather than across a single link.
Error control
Like the data link layer responsible for error
control
error control at this layer is performed process-
to- process rather than across a single link
Error correction is usually achieved through
retransmission
Figure below shows Transport layer data
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
 Session Layer
The services provided by the first three
layers are not sufficient for some
processes
network dialog controller - It establishes,
maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating
systems
Synchronization
The figure below shows Session data
 Presentation layer

concerned with the syntax and semantics of

the information exchanged between two
systems
Translation - interoperability different
encoding methods
Encryption – security
Compression
The figure below shows Presentation data
 Application layer
enables the user to access the network
provides user interfaces and support for
services such as electronic mail, remote
file access and transfer, shared database
management, and other types of
distributed information services.
Network virtual terminal - software
version of a physical terminal, and it
allows a user to log on to a remote host
 Cont…
File transfer, access, and management
Mail services
Directory services - provides distributed
database sources and
access for global information about
various objects and services
The figure below shows Application
layer Data
Summary of layers
 3. TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
developed prior to the OSI model
TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match
those in the OSI model
made of five layers
physical,
data link
network
Transport
application
 Cont…
first four layers provide physical standards,
network interfaces, internetworking, and
transport functions that correspond to the
first four layers of the OSI model
three topmost layers in the OSI model are
represented by a single layer called the
application layer
The figure below shows the TCP/IP and
OSI model
 Physical and Data Link Layers

TCP/IP does not define any specific

protocol
It supports all the standard and
proprietary protocols
 Network Layer

Supports
 IP – Internet protocol
 ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
 RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
 ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
 IGMP - Internet Group Message Protocol
 Transport Layer

Supports
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
UDP – User Datagram Protocol
SCTP - Stream Control Transmission
Protocol
 Application Layer
Supports protocols
SMTP
FTP
HTTP
DNS
SNMP
Telnet
 4. ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an
internet employing the TCP/IP protocols
Each address is related to a specific layer
Diagram below shows Addresses in TCP/IP
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
 Cont…
The physical addresses change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain
the same
Specific Addresses - Some applications have
user-friendly addresses that are designed for that
specific address
Examples include the e-mail address (for
example, forouzan@fhda.edu)
the Universal Resource Locator (URL) (for
example, www.mhhe.com)
 Summary
OSI MODEL
Encapsulation
Physical layer
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation layer
Application layer
ADDRESSING