Evaluation of Alternatives To Increase The Profitability of Agricultural Residues

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the
profitability of agricultural residues.

Francisco Pinto Piña
44888378
Master of Agribusiness.
School of Agriculture and Food Science
Content
1.Background
2.Research objectives
3.Methodology
4.Results
5.Conclusion.
Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

2
residues. Friday, October 30, 2020.
(Adobe Stock, 2020)
Background
• Australia uses an area of 12,985,000 ha where
26,674,000 tonnes are produced
(Department of Agriculture, Water and the
Environment 2020b)
• What do farmers do with crop residues?

48% - 35% - 23%
(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013)
• 40% - 60% of the residue available to collect.

(Scarlat et al. 2010)
(Karan et al. 2019)

residues. Friday, October 30, 2020. 3
Background (cont.)
• Margin in Australia
US$71/ton.
(Grain Research and
Development Corporation 2018).
• Margin calculation
Yield, area and price.
(Kingwell 2011)
(Adobe Stock, 2020)

Research objectives.
The aim of this systematic literature review is to identify possible alternative uses of crop residues
that may contribute to increase the profitability of these crop systems.
Research questions:
RQ1: What possible uses of crop residues have been identified or used to increase its
profitability?
RQ2: What are the challenges to use the crop residues as an input in other industries?

5
Methodology
Systematic Literature review (SLR)
This methodology was followed in order to get the information required and avoid any kind of bias related
to the author.
(Pullin & Stewart 2006) Environment and conservation areas.

(Bermeo-Almeida et al. 2018) Block chain agriculture.
(Brereton et al. 2007) Software engineering

6
Methodology (cont.)
First stage: Planning the review.
Table 1: Key words used

• Question formulation
Key words.
The researchable questions are considered the
guide in terms of what kind of information must be Wheat stubble/straw Plastic replaced by
analyzed and included in the SLR. crop residues
Wheat Fossil material
• Developing a review protocol production/profitability
The parameters to include or exclude the Uses of wheat Biomass
information collected. residues/straw/stubble
• Key words

Methodology (cont.)
Stage two: Conducting the review
• Searching for data Table 2: Database used.

Database used in this SLR
The relevance of this step is the author must
Library of The University Australian Bureau of
include different database.
of Queensland Statistics
Google.com Springer link
• Selection of the relevant Data (Pullin & Stewart
Department of Agriculture, FAO
2006)
Water and Environment.
 Identify key words in the title of the document. Australian Government.
 Analyze the summary of the document. GoogleScholar.com Elsevier
 Analysis of the entire document.

Methodology (cont.)
Stage three: Reporting and dissemination of the results.
This section is where the SLR was written based on the information collected in the process described
before. The results of this process must be presented to an expert review (Pullin & Stewart 2006)
which in this case will be the Supervisor Lecturer Dr Phillip Currey and the Coordinator of the course
AGRC 7611.

9
Methodology (cont.)
• Researchable questions
• Search began.
• 62x2 results
• The selection of relevant data was applied.
• 23 final result
• 16 were finally included.
Table 3: Searches done in this SLR.

Database When Data range Search terms Comments
UQ Library 11-Aug-20 2000-2020 Wheat residues in Australia
Google.com 11-Aug-20 Wheat area in Australia
Departament of Agriculture, Water and Environment. Australian Government 11-Aug-20 Wheat Area in Australia Specialist database
Departament of Agriculture, Water and Environment. Australian Government 11-Aug-20 Whea Residues in Australia Specialist database
Google.com 11-Aug-20 How much residues does the wheat crop produce?
GoogleScholar.com 14-Aug-20 2000-2020 Environmental impacts wheat crop residues
NSW University 17-Aug-20 wheat resudies and it use
GoogleScholar.com 17-Aug-20 2000-2020 profits on wheat production Australia
GoogleScholar.com 18-Aug-20 2000-2020 wheat Profitability
Australia Bureau of Statistics 18-Aug-20 - Wheat residue management in Australia
GoogleScholar.com 18-Aug-20 2000-2020 Wheat Straw uses
GoogleScholar.com 19-Aug-20 - Crop residues management
GoogleScholar.com 19-Aug-20 - Crop residues substitution of plastic Key search
GoogleScholar.com 19-Aug-20 Systematic literature review guideline
GoogkeScholar.com 15-Sep-20 2000-2000 "crop residues use" australia 92 results
GoogkeScholar.com 15-Sep-20 2000-2000 "crop residues use" 339 results
GoogkeScholar.com 18-Sep-20 2000-2020 replacement of "fossil material" by "crop residues" 62 results
GoogkeScholar.com 22-Sep-20 2000-2020 "bioplastics production" agricultural "crop residues" 62 Results

10
Results (continuing)
The use of crop residues to produce energy.
• Serbia, the production of energy base on rectangular and round bale was 28% and 34% cheaper
than the energy from coal (Zekić et al. 2010)
• The evaluation of the use of crop residues must consider economic viewpoint (Chen 2016).
• Potato to produce ethanol due to the high level of starch which are between 11.2% and 19.3%
(Cardona et al. 2009)

Results (continuing)
Crop residues to produce energy – Relevant points.
• Transport
• 35% – 39% of the total cost of energy production
(Zekić et al. 2010)
• The size of biogas plants can be related to the
transport of biomass factor (Einarsson & Persson (Adobe Stock, 2020)
2017)
• Technology.
Technology could help to increase the production of
biogas (Einarsson & Persson 2017)
Balance between low salaries and the introduction of
technology (Zekić et al. 2010) (Adobe Stock, 2020)

12
Results (cont.)
Crop residues to produce bioplastics and its derivatives.
• Potato peel as a feedstock to produce bioplastic (Samer 2019)
• The crop residues are not enough to cover the existent demand for plastic.(Karan et al. 2019)
• Crop residues are key in the development of biomass to produce biobased packaging because they do
not compete with food production and because they can be 100% recycled.(Guillard et al. 2018)
• Technology in this area is expensive and scarce, developing economy of scale (Okolie et al. 2020)

13
Results (cont.)
Crop residues to produce bioplastic – Relevant points.
• The use of land.

• Competition between food and biomass production to produce bioplastic (Karan et al. 2019)
• Use of contaminated land and brownfields (Andersson-Sköld et al. 2014)
• Price of biomass feedstock.

• The capital needed to develop biomass is high (Guillard et al. 2018)
• Technology is a relevant factor that could help to decrease the cost of production (Okolie et al. 2020)

14
Results (cont.)
Economy, society and business models related to the use of crop residues
• Business models in order to produce bioplastic in big companies (Iles & Martin 2013)
• Countries are investing in bioeconomy Biomass Research and Development Initiative and the
Horizon 2020 program (Gao et al. 2020)

15
Results (cont.)
Economy, society and business models related to the use of crop residues – Relevant Points
Business model
• The business models used to develop bioplastics must include different actors in order to create value
for all the stakeholders throughout the value chain. (Iles & Martin 2013)
• Circular economy which involve Economic, societal and environmental (Iles & Martin 2013; Van Buren
et al. 2016)
Governmental role
• Role of the governmental policy (Iles & Martin 2013)

16
Conclusions.
• The use of crop residues in order to increase the profitability of crops in agriculture can be related to the
production of bioenergy and bioplastic.
• Fur were the main challenges in terms of use crop residues as input:
o The transport of the residues from the field to the processing plant (either to produce energy or bioplastic)
o The development of new technology in order to decrease the cost of processing the biomass to produce
bioplastic and to increase the bioenergy production
o The development of integrative business models.
o Government role and regulation in terms of biodegradability and benefits (such as subsidies) to increase the
use of crop resides as feedstock to produce biomass products.

17
References
Adobe Stock 2020, wheat residues, viewed 28 of October 2020, https://stock.adobe.com/es/
Andersson-Sköld, Y, Hagelqvist, A, Crutu, G & Blom, S 2014, 'Bioenergy grown on contaminated land–a sustainable
bioenergy contributor?', Biofuels, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 487-98.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013, Land management and farming in Australia, 2009-10, viewed 11th of August 2020,
file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/4th%20semester/AGRC7611-Research%20Project/Literature/23%25%20of%20the%20
wheat%20is%20removed%20from%20australian%20fields.html

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020, 4627.0 – Land management and farming in Australia, 2016-2017, viewed 18 Aug.
2020,
https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4627.0Main%20Features52016-17?opendocument&tabna
me=Summary&prodno=4627.0&issue=2016-17&num=&view=

Batidzirai, B, Valk, M, Wicke, B, Junginger, M, Daioglou, V, Euler, W & Faaij, A 2016, 'Current and future technical,
economic and environmental feasibility of maize and wheat residues supply for biomass energy application: Illustrated
for South Africa', Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 92, pp. 106-29.
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References
Bermeo-Almeida, O, Cardenas-Rodriguez, M, Samaniego-Cobo, T, Ferruzola-Gómez, E, Cabezas-Cabezas, R &
Bazán-Vera, W 2018, 'Blockchain in agriculture: A systematic literature review', in International Conference on
Technologies and Innovation, pp. 44-56.

Brereton, P, Kitchenham, BA, Budgen, D, Turner, M & Khalil, M 2007, 'Lessons from applying the systematic literature
review process within the software engineering domain', Journal of systems and software, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 571-83.

Byrd, MV 2001, 'Pulp and Paper: Non-wood sources', in KHJ Buschow, RW Cahn, MC Flemings, B Ilschner, EJ Kramer,
S Mahajan & P Veyssière (eds), Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 7910-3.

Cardona, CA, Orrego, CE & Paz, IC 2009, 'The potential for production of bioethanol and bioplastics from potato starch
in Colombia', Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology, vol. 3, pp. 102-14.


19
References
Chen, X 2016, 'Economic potential of biomass supply from crop residues in China', Applied Energy, vol. 166, pp. 141-9.

De Besi, M & McCormick, K 2015, 'Towards a bioeconomy in Europe: National, regional and industrial strategies',
Sustainability, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 10461-78.

Department of Agriculture Water and Environment 2020 a, Wheat overview, viewed 15 August 2020,
https://www.agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/crops/wheat#:~:text=Wheat%20is%20the%20major%20winter,South%20Australia
%2C%20Victoria%20and%20Queensland.
Department of Agriculture Water and Environment, Brown, A 2020 b, Wheat: June quarter 2020, viewed 11th August 2020,
https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook/wheat
Einarsson, R & Persson, UM 2017, 'Analyzing key constraints to biogas production from crop residues and manure in the EU—
A spatially explicit model', PloS one, vol. 12, no. 1, p. e0171001.

20
References
Gao, S, Song, W & Guo, M 2020, 'The Integral Role of Bioproducts in the Growing Bioeconomy', Industrial Biotechnology, vol.
16, no. 1, pp. 13-25.
General Kinematics 2020, Wood plastic composites uses and benefits, viewed 19 August 2020,
https://www.generalkinematics.com/blog/wood-plastic-composite-uses-benefits/

Guillard, V, Gaucel, S, Fornaciari, C, Angellier-Coussy, H, Buche, P & Gontard, N 2018, 'The next generation of sustainable
food packaging to preserve our environment in a circular economy context', Frontiers in nutrition, vol. 5, p. 121.
Heruela, CS 2008, 'Biomass energy—status, opportunities and challenges in the Asia-Pacific region', World, vol. 33, no. 49, p.
10.

Iles, A & Martin, AN 2013, 'Expanding bioplastics production: sustainable business innovation in the chemical industry', Journal
of Cleaner Production, vol. 45, pp. 38-49.


21
References
Karan, H, Funk, C, Grabert, M, Oey, M & Hankamer, B 2019, 'Green bioplastics as part of a circular bioeconomy', Trends in
Plant Science, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 237-49.

Okolie, JA, Nanda, S, Dalai, AK & Kozinski, JA 2020, 'Chemistry and Specialty Industrial Applications of Lignocellulosic
Biomass', Waste and Biomass Valorization, pp. 1-25.

Pullin, AS & Stewart, GB 2006, 'Guidelines for systematic review in conservation and environmental management',
Conservation Biology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1647-56.
Raphael, I & Yang, A 2013, 'Plastics production from biomass: assessing feedstock requirement', Biomass Conversion and
Biorefinery, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 319-26.

Samer, M 2019, 'Bioplastics production from agricultural crop residues', Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal,
vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 190-4.

22
References
Scarlat, N, Martinov, M & Dallemand, J-F 2010, 'Assessment of the availability of agricultural crop residues in the European
Union: potential and limitations for bioenergy use', Waste Management, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1889-97.

Scott, B, Podmore, C, Burns, H, Bowden, P & McMaster, C 2013, Developments in stubble retention in cropping systems in
southern Australia. Report to GRDC on Project DAN 00170.(Ed. C Nicholls and EC (Ted) Wolfe). Department of Primary
Industries, Orange NSW pp 103.

Van Buren, N, Demmers, M, Van der Heijden, R & Witlox, F 2016, 'Towards a circular economy: The role of Dutch logistics
industries and governments', Sustainability, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 647.

Wood, AW 1991, 'Management of crop residues following green harvesting of sugarcane in north Queensland', Soil and Tillage
Research, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 69-85.
Zekić, V, Rodić, V & Jovanović, M 2010, 'Potentials and economic viability of small grain residue use as a source of energy in
Serbia', Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1789-95.

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Thank you
Dr Kim Peters | Senior Lecturer
School of Psychology
kpeters@uq.edu.au
07 0000 000
facebook.com/uniofqld
Instagram.com/uniofqld
CRICOS code 00025B

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Evaluation of alternatives to increase the

profitability of agricultural residues.

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

(Adobe Stock, 2020)

• What do farmers do with crop residues?

• 40% - 60% of the residue available to collect.

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

(Adobe Stock, 2020)

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

(Pullin & Stewart 2006) Environment and conservation areas.

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Table 1: Key words used

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

• Searching for data Table 2: Database used.

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Table 3: Searches done in this SLR.

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

• Potato peel as a feedstock to produce bioplastic (Samer 2019)

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

• The use of land.

• Price of biomass feedstock.

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

Evaluation of alternatives to increase the profitability of agricultural

CRICOS code 00025B

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