Egypt

• Assoc. Prof. PhD. Anca Tănasie

• Student: Stoian Bianca-Maria
• Egypt, the most populous country in the Arab world, claims one
of the world’s oldest cultures, descending from an ancient
civilization.

• It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation and most of

Egypt's territory of 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi)
lies within the Nile Valley. It is a Mediterranean country and is
bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel

• With over 88 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous

country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-largest in
Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great
majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River.

• The large regions of the Sahara desert.

 EU TRADE relations with the Mediterranean
 
• The ultimate objective of trade relations between the EU and the Mediterranean region is the creation of a
Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area that would cover both North-South economic integration (between
the EU and South-Mediterranean countries) and South-South integration (among South-Mediterranean
countries).The way forward is set by the Euro-Mediterranean Trade Roadmap beyond 2010. The main
objectives are:
 Completion and reinforcement of the network of Free Trade Agreements in the Euro-Mediterranean Region
(North-South and South-South).
 Implementation of concrete initiatives to bring the Euro-Mediterranean trade partnership closer to
business.
 Turning the Association Agreements and South-South Agreements into a Deep and Comprehensive
Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area.
 EU and Egypt

• In November 2010, the EU and Egypt signed a protocol establishing a dispute

settlement mechanism applicable to disputes under the trade provisions of the
Association Agreement.

• As a response to the unprecedented events across the Arab world in 2011, the EU
has identified possible avenues to further develop and deepen our trade and
investment relations with Southern Mediterranean partners.

• In June 2013 the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and
investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and
Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA). The DCFTA would aim at improving market
access opportunities and the investment climate and at supporting economic reforms
undertaken by Egypt
 Egypt in Euromed

• Egypt is one of the partners of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (Euromed) that promotes economic
integration and democratic reform across 16 neighbors to the EU’s south in North Africa and the Middle
East.
• The key objective of the trade partnership is the creation of a deep Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area,
which aims at removing barriers to trade and investment between both the EU and Southern Mediterranean
countries and between the Southern Mediterranean countries themselves. Euro-Mediterranean Association
Agreements are in force with most of the partners (with the exception of Syria and Libya).
• The scope of these agreements is essentially limited to trade in goods and a number of bilateral
negotiations are on-going or being prepared in order to deepen the Association Agreements.
 The EU – Egypt TRADE

• The EU is Egypt's 1st trading partner (32% of total) & the main source of FDI (over 60%)

• Egypt is a major trading partner for the EU in the Southern Mediterranean region.

• The entry into force of the Association Agreement in 2004 improved conditions for trade between the
EU and Egypt. Since 2004, EU-Egypt bilateral trade has more than doubled and reached its highest level
ever in 2012 (from €11.8 billion in 2004 to €23.9 billion in 2012).

• The EU is traditionally Egypt's main trading partner, covering 22.9% of Egypt's trade volume in 2013
and ranking first both as Egypt's import and export partner.

• EU imports of goods from Egypt in 2013 are dominated by fuel and mining products (45.6%), followed
by chemicals (14.6%) and textiles and clothing (9.8%). EU exports to Egypt consist mainly of
machinery and transport equipment (30.7%).

• EU exports of services to Egypt are dominated by business services, while the EU imports from Egypt
consist mainly of travel services and transport.
 The EU-Egypt Free TRADE Area:
A success story

• The EU and Egypt have made outstanding progress in freeing up trade between them.

• Since the entry into force of the EU-Egypt Association Agreement in 2004 the partners enjoy a
Free Trade Area on industrial products, resulting in the removal of customs duties in
bilateral trade.

• The EU eliminated customs duties for all products from day one. Egypt chose a gradual tariff
dismantlement that will be finalized in 2019.

• As a result, since 2004:

 Egypt's exports to the EU have increased 125%,
 EU's exports to Egypt have increased 83%.

• In 2011, the 1st year of full application of the agriculture agreement, Egypt's agricultural
exports to the EU grew 15%.
 The EU – Egypt
FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS

 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

• Imports into the Community of products originating in Egypt shall be allowed free
of customs duties and of any other charge having equivalent effect and free of
quantitative restrictions and of any other restriction having equivalent effect.

• Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect applicable to imports into
Egypt of products originating in the Community, shall be abolished in accordance
with the relevant schedule on the basis of a decision of the Association Committee.

• The provisions concerning the abolition of customs duties on imports shall also
apply to customs duties of a fiscal nature.
The EU – Egypt TRADE agreement
The EU – Egypt TRADE
 The EU – Egypt TRADE
Agricultural Products
 ARTICLE 13
The Community and Egypt shall progressively establish a greater liberalisation of their
trade in agricultural, fisheries and processed agricultural products of interest to both parties.

 ARTICLE 14
Agricultural products originating in Egypt listed in Protocol 1 on importation into the
Community shall be subject to the arrangements set out in that Protocol.

 Article 15
During the third year of implementation of the Agreement, the Community and Egypt
shall examine the situation in order to determine the measures to be applied by the
Community and Egypt from the beginning of the fourth year after the entry into force of the
Agreement, in accordance with the objective set out in Article 13.
 Arrangement on TRADE in
Agricultural Products between Egypt
and Iceland

 ARTICLE 1
This Arrangement between Egypt and Iceland on trade in agricultural
products is concluded pursuant to the Free Trade Agreement between
Egypt and the EFTA States of 2007. It forms part of the instruments
establishing a free trade area between the EFTA States and Egypt.

 Article 8
If Iceland or Egypt withdraws from this Arrangement, the Free Trade
Agreement shall terminate between them on the same date as the
withdrawal from this Arrangement becomes effectiv.
 Cyprus - Egypt TRADE relations

1. Trade in Goods
• Imports of Cyprus from Egypt (2013): Goods
• Cyprus Domestic Exports to Egypt (2013):
Goods
2. Trade in Services
• Trade in services between Cyprus and Egypt
(2012): Main sectors
 Egyptian-Romanian relations
 Political relations
Egypt and Romania hold Political Consultations at regular intervals, the most recent round was held
in November 2008 in Cairo, and the next round is expected to take place in Bucharest during the current
year 2010, on the level of Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs.

 Economic & trade relations

The trade volume between Egypt and Romania mounted to about $350 millions annually, 90
millions of which are Egyptian exports, whereas 260 millions are imports to Egypt.
The most important Egyptian exports in the past years were mainly oil and its products, rice, fresh
and frozen fish, medicines and pharmaceuticals, Portland Cement, textiles, fruits and vegetables.
Egyptian imports from Romania during the same period were mainly wood, chemical products,
means of transport (railway carriages' parts – agricultural tractors – buses) and metals, especially iron and
steel.
• Sources:

- http://ec.europa.eu/
- http://www.tas.gov.eg/
- http://eeas.europa.eu
- https://ro.wikipedia.org
- http://www.sis.gov.eg