physics

Assignment

presented by
elakkiya . b
physical science
Electric charge and
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric charge
Electric current
Flow of electric current
Synopsis
 electric charges
 electric force
 electric field
 electric potential
 electric current
 direction of current
 measurement of electric current
 electromotive force
 potential difference
 resistance
 effects of electric current
 types of electric current
 advantages of ac over dc
 advantages of dc
 Dangers of electricity and its precautions to be
taken.
Electric charges:
Electric charge is the physical
property of matter that causes is to
experience a force when placed in an
electromagnetic field. There are two
types of electric charge: positive and
negative. Like charges repel each other
and unlike charges attract each other.
Electric forces:
Among electric charges,
there are two types of electric force:
one is attractive and the mother is
repulsive. The like charges repel and
unlike charges attract. The force
existing between the charges is called
as ‘electric force’.
Electric field:
The region in which a charge
experiences electric force forms the ‘electric field’
around the charge. The lines representing the
electric field are called ‘electric lines of force’. The
electric lines of force are straight or curved paths
along which a unit positive charge tends to move
in the electric field.
Electric potential:
Electric potential is a
measure of the work done on unit
positive charge to bring it to that
against all electrical forces.
Electric current:
An electric current is a flow of
electric charge in a circuit. More specifically, the
electric current is the rate of charge flow past a
given point in an electric circuit. The charge can
be negatively charged electrons or positive
charge carriers including protons, positive ions
or holes.
Direction of current:
The direction of an electric
current is by convention the direction in which
a positive charge would move. Thus, the
current in the external circuit is directed away
from the positive terminal and toward the
negative terminal of the battery. Electron
would actually move through the wires in the
opposite direction.
Measurement of electric current :
Current is the rate at which charges flow past
a point on a circuit.
If
q is the quantity of charge

t is charge passing through a cross section

of a wire in time

I quantity of current

I = q/t

The standard SI unit for current is ampere with the symbol A.

1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1 second or

1 A = 1 C / 1 s = 1 Cs-1
 Ammeter is an instrument used to
measure the strength of the electric
current in an electric circuit.
Electromotive force:
The e.m.f of an electrical energy
source is one volt if one joule of work is
done by the source to drive one coulomb of
charge completely around the circuit.
Potential differences:

Potential differences is the

differences in the amount of energy that charge
carriers have between two points in a circuit. A
potential differences of one volt is equal to one
joule of energy being used by one coulomb of
charge when it flows between two points in a
circuit.

V = W/q

SI unit: volt

Dimension: ML2T-3I-1
 A voltmeter is an instrument used for
measuring electric potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit. It
is connected in parallel. It usually has a
high resistance so that it takes negligible
current from the circuit.
Resistances:
The Resistance is the measure of opposition offered
by the component to the flow of electric current through it.
Different electrical components offer different electrical
resistances.

The SI unit of resistance is ohm with symbol (Ω). One

ohm is the resistance of a component when the potential
difference of one volt applied across the component drives
a current of one ampere through it.
Effect of electric current:
When current flows in a circuit it
exhibits various effects. The main effect ate
heating, chemical and magnetic effects.

 Heating effect:
When the flow of current is
‘resisted’ generally heat is produced. This
is because the electrons while moving in
the wire or resistor suffer resistance.
Work has to be done to overcome the
resistance which is converted in to heat
energy. This conversion of electrical
energy into heating energy is called ‘Joule
heating’.
 chemical effect :
The process of conduction of
electric current through solution is called
‘electrolysis’. The solution through which
the electricity passes is called ‘electrolyte’.

 Magnetic effect:
A wire or a conductor carrying
current develops a magnetic field
perpendicular to the direction of the flow of
current. This is called magnetic effect of
current.
 Types of electric current:
There are two types of electric current

 Direct current and

 Alternating current

DC circuit: AC circuit:
Direct current:
Direct current is the one directional
flow of electric charge. An electrochemical cell is
a prime example of DC power. Direct current may
flow through a conductor such as a wire, but can
also flow through semiconductor, insulators, or
even through a vacuum as in electron or ion
beam.

Alternating current:
Alternating current is an electric
current which periodically reverses direction and
changes its magnitude continuously with time in
contrast to direct current which flows only in one
direction.
Advantages of DC:
 DC power is significantly more energy efficient than AC
power.

 DC is inherently compatible with renewable sources of

energy such as solar and wind.

 Energy storage integration is enhanced.

 Electronic equipment operation on DC power.

 DC and hybrid AC/DC micro-grids are being developed.

Advantages of ac over dc:
Advantages of alternating current over direct current:

 AC is less expensive and easy to generate than DC.

 The distance covered by AC is more than that of the DC.
 The power loss during transmission in AC is less when
compared to the DC.
 The ac can be easily converted into dc.
 The variation of ac can easily be done using transformer
either step up or step down.
 The value or magnitude of ac can be decreased easily
without loss of excess of energy. This can be done by using
choke coil.
Dangers of electricity and precautions to be taken:

The following are the possible

dangers as for as electric current is
concerned.

 Damaged insulation: Do not touch bare

wire. Use safety glows and stand on
insulating stool or rubber slippers while
handling electricity.

 Overload of power sockets: Do not

connect too many electrical devices to a single
electrical socket.
 Inappropriate use the electrical appliances:
Always use the electrical appliances according to
the power rating of the devices like ac point. TV
point, microwave oven point etc.

 Environment with moisture and dampness:

Keep the place, where there is electricity, out of
moisture and wetness as it will lead to leakage of
electric current.

 Beyond the reach of children: The electrical

sockets are to be kept away from the reach of little
children who not know the dangers of electricity.
Any Question?
THANK
YOU