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Contraception KB - DR Kanadi
Contraception KB - DR Kanadi
• Kanadi Sumapraja
• Kanadi Sumapraja
After a menstrual period ends, the external os is blocked by mucus that is thick
and acidic. This "infertile" mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus.
For several days around the time of ovulation, "fertile" types of mucus are
produced: they have a higher water content, are less acidic, and have a ferning
pattern that helps guide spermatozoa through the cervix
Ferning is a branching pattern seen
in the mucus when observed with
low magnification.
ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE
Metode ovulasi billing
CERVICAL POSITIONS
The presence of increased amounts of LH the urine means that the ovulation may
happen within 12-24 hours LH is not released all at once, but rather it rises and falls for
about 24-48 hours. The LH rise usually begins in the early morning and it takes 4-6
hours for it to appear in the urine after that. For this reason, first morning urine may not
give the best result. Testing mid-day is usually recommended. Luteinizing hormone is
the last hormone to peak before ovulation
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
21 Day 6 29 Day 12
22 Day 6 30 Day 13
23 Day 7 31 Day 14
24 Day 7 32 Day 15
25 Day 8 33 Day 16
26 Day 9 34 Day 17
27 Day 10 35 Day 18
➢Lateks (karet)
➢Plastik (polivinil)
➢Bahan alamiah (bahan hewani)
Kondom Pria : Mekanisme Kerjanya
Mencegah sperma
masuk ke saluran
reproduksi wanita
1Trussell et al 1998.
Kondom Lateks vs. Polyurethane : Angka
Kerusakan dan Terlepas
10 Kerusakan
Keselipan
7.5
Persen
5
(%)
2.5
0
Lateks Polyurethane
Jenis Kondom
0.75
Persen
0.5
(%)
0.25
0
Kerusakan Terlepas
Jenis Kegagalan
14
11
Persen per tahun
0
British Family US Couples (Typical)
Planning A...
Bakteri:
N. gonorrhea 1000 nm
C. trachomatis 300 nm
U. urealyticum 200 nm
Virus:
CMV 150-300 nm
HSV 100-150 nm
HIV 120 nm
HPV 45-55 nm
HBV 42 nm
HBSAg 22 nm
75
50
25
0
Tidak ada < 50% < 50% 1
>
Penggunaan Kondom
1 Kondom alamiah tidak mencegah PMS (misalnya: HBV, HIV/AIDS), tidak dianjurkan untuk klien dengan risiko tinggi PMS.
Kondom Pria :
Penanganan Masalah-Masalah Lainnya
➢ Mengurangi kenikmatan seksual :
▪ Jika masalah sensitifitas tetap mengganggu walaupun telah
diganti kondom yang lebih tipis, gunakan metode yang lain.
Sambil menahan
ujungnya, gelincirkan
gulungan kondom ke
arah pangkal penis
untuk menyarungkan
seluruh bagian penis
✓ Arching spring
(kombinasi pegas logam
dan cincin)
Diafragma : Mekanisme Kerja
✓ Segera efektif
✓ Tidak mempengaruhi produksi ASI
✓ Tidak mengganggu proses sanggama karena dapat disiapkan
beberapa saat sebelumnya
✓ Tak ada risiko terhadap kesehatan klien
✓ Tidak ada efek samping yang sistemik
Diafragma
Manfaat Non Kontraseptif
1 Trussell et al 1998.
Diafragma Sesuai Untuk:
Wanita yang :
✓ Tidak mau atau tak boleh mengunakan kontrasepsi hormonal
(misalnya: perokok yang berusia > 35 tahun)
✓ Tidak menyukai metode yang dipasangkan oleh orang lain
(misalnya: AKDR)
✓ Sedang menyusui dan butuh kontrasepsi pendukung
✓ Jarang melakukan sanggama dengan pasangannya
✓ Ingin menggunakan metode yang dapat melindungi klien dari
PMS tetapi pasangannya tidak mau menggunakan kondom
✓ Ingin metode antara sebelum menentukan metode terpilih
Diafragma:
Langkah Pencegahan Penyulit / Komplikasi (WHO Kelas 3)
▪ Cairan kotor dan berbau dari vagina (tidak boleh tertampung lebih dari 24
jam) :
• Periksa ada tidaknya PMS atau benda asing. Jika tidak ada, ingatkan
klien untuk segera melepas diafragma pasca-sanggama (setelah 6
jam)
• Jika berulang, nasehatkan untuk menjaga kebersihan vagina.
▪ Luka dinding vagina yang disebabkan oleh tekanan pegas diafragma:
• Untuk sementara waktu hentikan penggunaan dan gunakan metode
pendukung. Jika lukanya telah sembuh, periksa kesesuaian ukuran
forniks-diafragma untuk memperoleh diameter yang lebih tepat
Diafragma
Petunjuk Bagi Klien
*Kondom adalah satu-satunya metoda kontraseptif yg terbukti memberi proteksi terhadap PKM
Spermisida: Keterbatasan
1 Trussell et al 1998.
Spermisida Sesuai Untuk:
➢ Cuci aplikator dengan sabun dan air bersih hangat, bilas dan
keringkan. Uraikan untuk dibersihkan lebih mudah. Jangan berbagi
pakai dengan orang lain.
• Kanadi Sumapradja
• Hormones
– Endogenous substance which produced primarily at the
endocrine glands
– They serve to transfer information between cells or between the
compartments
– Their activities was mediated by enzymes
– Acts only on particular target cells
• Contraception
– To prevent conception
Hormonal contraception
Combined preparations Mono preparations
Consist of Estrogens + Progestogens Progestogens
Administration Oral Oral
Injection Injection
Implant
IUD
Hormonal contraception
COMBINATION
MONO
Mechanism of actions (the role of E and P)
GnRH
Estrogen
Progesteron
FSH e
LH
Ethynil estradiol 30 ug Levonorgestrel 150 ug
19-nortestosterone derivatives
19-nortestosterone derivatives
Natural sex hormones are quickly broken down in the liver biologically
inactive
Synthetic modifying the structure of endogenous sex hormones will
influence the duration and strength of action
Estrogen metabolism and excretion
Sex hormones undergo metabolism process mainly in the liver. Metabolism means hormone
inactivation. Steroid hormones are barely soluble in water. Therefore, they are converted
primarily with glucuronic and sulfuric acids to become water soluble and could be excreted
through the kidney or intestine. Variability between each individuals.
The estrogen component
Ethinyl estradiol is a very potent oral estrogen and is one of the two forms of estrogen in every
oral contraceptive. The other estrogen is the 3-methyl ether of ethinyl estradiol, mestranol.
Unconjugated ethinyl estradiol is the active estrogen in the blood for both mestranol and
ethinyl estradiol.
The metabolism of ethinyl estradiol varies significantly from individual to individual, and from
one population to another. This side effect is related to estrogen, and it is dose related.
Therefore, the dose of estrogen is a critical issue in selecting an oral contraceptive.
The progestin component
Removal of the 19-carbon from ethisterone to form norethindrone did not destroy the oral
activity, and most importantly, it changed the major hormonal effect from that of an
androgen to that of a progestational agent.
The progestin component
The androgenic properties of these compounds, however, were not totally eliminated
Most of the progestins closely related to norethindrone are converted to the parent compound first
Norethindrone can be converted to ethinyl estradiol – shows estrogenic activity
However, estrogen activity is very slight due to weak binding to the estrogen receptor
Progestin PR AR ER GR MR
Norethisterone 75 15 0 0 0
Levonorgestrel 150 45 0 1 75
Norgestimate 15 0 0 1 0
3-Keto-desogestrel 150 20 0 14 0
Gestodene 90 85 0 27 290
Progestin Progesto Anti- Anti- Estrogenic Androgenic Anti- Glucocorticod Anti-
genic gonado- estrogenic androgenic mineralo-
tropic corticoid
Spironolactone derivative
Drospirenone + + + - - + - +
Progestin PR AR ER GR MR
Drospirenone 35 65 0 6 230
Antimineralocorticoid effect
Angiotensin I
Estrogen
Renin substrat
(angiotensinogen)
Angiotensin II
Renin
Na+/ fluid retention Progestin
Elimination of K+
Aldosteron
Are defined as reactions that are injurious and unintentional and that
occur at doses which are normally used in humans for the prophylaxis,
diagnosis or therapy of diseases or for altering physiologic functions. (GCP
guidelines of the European Community)
Classification of undesirable effect
Intermenstrual bleeding
Cycle- Polymenorrhea
specific Oligomenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea
Amenorrhea
Risk of ovarian cancer in hormonal contraception users
Cases RR 95%CI P
Duration of hormonal contraception user (years)
<1 19 1.2 0.7-2.0
1-4 21 0.5 0.3-0.8
5-9 19 0.6 0.3-0.9
10-14 5 0.3 0.1-0.8
> 15 1 0.1 0.02-0.8 0.0001
Age at first use (years)
< 20 21 0.5 0.3-1.0
20-24 25 0.4 0.3-0.7
> 25 25 0.7 0.5-1.1
21 tablet
7 tablet
Seven consecutive pills are enough ‘to shut the door’ on the ovaries (therefore
pills 8–21, or longer during tricycling, simply ‘keep the door shut’)
Seven pills can be omitted without ovulation, as indeed is regularly the case in the
PFI. More than seven pills missed (in total) risks ovulation.
7 DAYS
HORMONE
FREE INTERVAL
1,657 women
initiating or switching
to a new OC, 18%
discontinued by 6
months
Reasons:
•Side effects (46%)
•No need for contraception (23%)
•Method-related problems (14%)
•Other, unspecified (17%)
Rates of discontinuation due to
dissatisfaction
Ever users of reversible Rate of discontinuation
contraception (%) of method due to
dissatisfaction (%)
Diaphragm 8.9 51.6
Injectable 17.1 42.3
Implant 2.1 42.0
IUD 6.0 36.4
Pill 84.5 29.2
Patch 0.9 19.8
Condom 90.1 11.9
All reversible methods 100 46.3
Progestin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
24/4
Ethynil Estradiol 20 mg
Progestin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
❖ Bagi anak:
• Imunisasi pasif dan perlindungan terhadap berbagai
penyakit infeksi lainnya
• Sumber nutrisi terbaik bagi bayi
• Mengurangi terkenanya kontaminasi dalam air, susu atau
formula lain, atau pada peralatan
❖ Bagi Ibu:
• Mengurangi perdarahan postpartum
• Mengeratkan hubungan psikologis ibu-anak
• Mengurangi risiko anemia
MLA: Keterbatasan
1WHO merekomendasikan suplementasi mulai usia 6 bulan. Jika lebih cepat, MLA jadi kurang efektif.
MLA:
Tidak Sesuai untuk Dilanjutkan bila: