Basics of Dentistry

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DENTAL ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
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 Dental Anatomy and
Physiology
Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions

Primary (deciduous)
• Consist of 20 teeth
• Begin to form during the
first trimester of
pregnancy
• Typically begin
erupting around 6
months
• Most children have a
complete primary
dentition by 3 years
of age
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 Dental Anatomy and Physiology
Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions
Secondary (permanent)
• Consist of 32 teeth in Maxilla Incisors
Canine (Cuspid)
most cases
• Begin to erupt around 6 Premolars

years Molars
of age
• Most permanent teeth have
erupted by age 12
• Third molars (wisdom teeth)
are the exception; often do
not appear until late teens or Mandible
early 20s
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 Dental Anatomy and
PhysiologyIdentifying Teeth

Classification of Teeth:
• Incisors (central and lateral)
• Canines (cuspids)
• Premolars (bicuspids)
• Molars

Incisor Canine Premolar Molar

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 Dental Anatomy and Physiology
Identifying Teeth2

• Incisors function as cutting or shearing

instruments for food.
• Canines possess the longest roots of all teeth
and are located at the corners of the dental
arch. Function as tearing of food.
• Premolars act like the canines in the tearing
of food and are similar to molars in the
grinding of food.
• Molars are located nearest the Incisor Canine Premolar Molar
temporomandibular joint (TMJ), These teeth
have a major role in the crushing, grinding,
and chewing of food.
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Dental Anatomy and
Physiology
Oral Cavity/Environment

• Plaque
• Saliva
• pH Values
• Demineralization
• Remineralization

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 Dental Anatomy
and Physiology
Oral Cavity

Saliva:
• complex mixture of fluids
• performs protective functions:
– lubrication—aids swallowing
– mastication
– key role in remineralization of
enamel and dentin
– buffering

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 Dental Anatomy
and Physiology
Oral Cavity
pH values:
• measure of acidity or alkalinity of
a solution
• measured on a scale of 1-14
• pH of 7 indicated that the solution is
neutral
• pH of the mouth is close to
neutral until other factors are
introduced
• pH is a factor in demineralization
and remineralization
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 Dental Anatomy and Physiology
Oral Cavity

Demineralization:
• mineral salts dissolve
into the surrounding
salivary fluid:
–enamel at approximate
pH of 5.5 or lower
–dentin at approximate
pH of 6.5 or lower
• erosion or caries can occur

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 Dental Anatomy and Physiology
Oral Cavity

Remineralization:
• pH comes back to neutral (7)
• saliva-rich calcium and
phosphates
• minerals penetrate the
damaged dentine surface and
repair it:
– dentin pH is above 6.5

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 Maxillary bones
Every structure in the oral
cavity (gum, teeth and
muscles) is supported by
two bones:
• Upper jaw: the maxillary
bone or maxilla;
• Lower jaw: the mandibular
bone or mandible.

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Mandible

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Maxilla

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Blood Supply of teeth

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Nerve Supply of Teeth

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 Temporomandibular Joints
The temporomandibular
joints connect the upper
jaws to the mandible.
The part of the mandible
which mates to the under-
surface of the disc is the
condyle and the part of
the temporal bone which
mates to the upper
surface of the disk is the
glenoid (or mandibular)
fossa.

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DIAGNOSIS ID , TOOLS

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Four Quadrants ID

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 Four Quadrants ID
6
• Upper Right 1st Molar

• Lower Left Canine

3

D
• Upper Deciduous Rt. 1st Molar

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Deciduous Dentition ID

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Permanent Dentition ID

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 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMS
• orthopantomography
/OPG
• Periapical X-ray
• Bite wing x-ray
• Occulsal view
• CT scan

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 Major Dental Specialties
1) Conservative/Operative/ Endodontics
2) Periodontics
3) Orthodontics
4) Pediatric Dentistry or Paedodontics
7) Prosthodontics
8) Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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 Conservative/Operative/
Endodontics
Endodontics (from the Greek endo "inside"; and odons
"tooth") is the dental specialty concerned with the study
and treatment of the dental pulp. Endodontists perform a
variety of procedures including filling, endodontic therapy
(commonly known as "root canal therapy"), treating
cracked teeth, and treating dental trauma.).
Root canal therapy is one of the most common procedures.
If the pulp becomes diseased or injured, endodontic
treatment is required to save the tooth.

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How Caries Occurs?

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 treatment options in caries
• Filling (if cavity doesn’t reach pulp
chamber)

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 treatment options in caries
• Root Canal Treatment (RCT)

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Root Canal Treatment (RCT)

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 treatment options in caries
• Dental Extraction – If
the infection is out of
control, teeth become 3rd
degree mobile or Patient
doesn’t have time/money
for RCT.

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 Periodontics
Periodontology or Periodontics is the specialty of dentistry that studies
supporting structures of teeth, diseases and conditions that affect
them.
Periodontal diseases are usually called:
GINGIVITIS: inflammation of the gum tissue, characterized by
swelling, reddening, gums that are tender and painful to the touch,
bleeding gums;
PERIODONTITIS: involves progressive loss of the alveolar bone
around the teeth, and if left untreated, can lead to the loosening and
subsequent loss of teeth.

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GINGIVITIS & PERIODONTITIS

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 Treatment options
• Scaling – Ultrasonic/
Air/Hand Scaling
• Root Planning
• Gingivectomy

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 Orthodontics
Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that corrects teeth
and jaws that are positioned improperly.
Its aim is to diagnose, prevent and treat irregularities of the
teeth and face, in order to:
- Get a good teeth alignment;
- Obtain an efficient chewing function;
- Achieve a good aesthetic of the smile;
- Reach and/or improve the health of the teeth and
periodontium;

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Orthodontics

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Orthodontics

darsheel safary

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Orthodontics

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 Orthodontics
Nicholas Cage

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 Orthodontics
Morgan freeman

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 Orthodontics
Tom Cruise

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 Orthodontic appliances
Orthodontic treatment uses appliances to
correct the position of the teeth. The
two main types are:
fixed braces – a non-removable brace
made up of brackets that are glued to
each tooth and linked with wires
removable braces – usually plastic
plates that cover the roof /floor of the
mouth and clip on to some teeth;
they can only carry out very limited
tooth movements

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 Pediatric Dentistry or
Paedodontics
Paedodontics is the branch of dentistry that includes the
following:
• training the child to accept dentistry;
• restoring and maintaining
the primary, mixed, and
permanent dentitions;
• applying preventive measures for
dental caries and periodontal
disease;
• preventing, intercepting, and
correcting various problems of
occlusion.
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 Prosthodontics
Prosthodontics is the dental specialty pertaining to
the diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation
and maintenance of the oral function, comfort,
appearance and health of patients with clinical
conditions associated with missing or deficient
teeth and/or oral and maxillofacial tissues using
biocompatible substitutes.

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 Dental Prosthesis
• Dental Crown / Cap
• Dental Bridge
• Partial Denture
• Complete Denture
• Dental Implant

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Dental Crown / Cap

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Dental Bridge

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Partial Denture

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Complete Denture

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Dental Implant

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 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oral & Maxillofacial

surgery (OMS) specializes in
treating many diseases,
injuries and defects in the
head, neck, face, jaws and
the hard and soft tissues of
the Oral (mouth) and
Maxillofacial (jaws and face)
region.

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 OMS Deals with Diagnosis and
treatment of:
-benign pathology (cysts, tumors etc.)
-malignant pathology (oral & head and neck cancer) with
(ablative and reconstructive surgery, microsurgery)
-cutaneous malignancy (skin cancer), lip reconstruction
-congenital craniofacial malformations such as cleft
lip and palate.
-temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders
-soft and hard tissue trauma of the oral and maxillofacial region
(jaw fractures, cheek bone fractures, nasal fractures, LeFort
fracture, skull fractures and eye socket fractures).

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ORAL MANIFESTATION
OF SYSTEMIC
DISEASES
Systemic diseases manifesting oral
ulcers are:
Microbial disease-
 Herpetic stomatitis
 Chicken pox
 Hand ,foot and mouth disease
 Infectious mononucleosis
 HIV
 ANUG
 TB
 Syphilis
 Contd..
 Blood disorders
• Disorders of Red Blood Cells
and Hemoglobin

• Disorders of White Blood

Cells

• Bleeding Disorders
 Anemia (cont.)
• Clinical features
– Pallor of skin and oral mucosa

– Angular cheilitis

– Erythema and atrophy of oral

mucosa

– Loss of filiform and fungiform

papillae on the dorsum of
the tongue

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.Thrombocytopenia
O/M: petechia , purpura, ecchymosis, hemorhagic
bullae, hematomas
 Oral Manifestations of Aplastic Anemia

• Infection,
• spontaneous bleeding
• purpuric spots

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 Oral Manifestations of Acute Leukemias

• Gingival enlargement

• Oral infection

• Bleeding gums, petechia e

and ecchymosis

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 Vitamin deficiency disorders
Vitamin B complex Reddening of oral mucosa,
deficiency tongue with or without
ulceration, swelling and
burning

Scurvy (vitamin C Petechiae in oral mucosa

deficiency) and swollen bleeding gums

Pernicious anaemia, Bald tongue (atrophic

Iron deficiency glossitis )
Pellagra
 Sjogren syndrome
• Oral signs and symptoms
• -dry mouth
• -cracker sign
• -burning
• -salivary swelling
• -caries
• -candidiasis
 Management :
• Follow up regularly
• Salivary substitutes
• Eye drops
• Caries control
• Soft diet
• Control of secondary infections
Somebody asked: "You're a Doctor? How much do you
make?“

I replied: "HOW MUCH DO I MAKE?" ...

I can make holding your hand seem like the most
important thing in the world when you're scared...

I can make your child breathe when they stop..

I can help your father survive a heart attack...
I can make myself get up at 4AM to make sure
your mother has the medicine she needs to
live...and I will work straight
through until 4am to keep her alive and start the
day all over again!
I work all day to save the lives of strangers...
 I will drop everything and run a code blue for
hours trying to keep you alive!!!

I make my family wait for dinner until I know

your
family member is taken care of...

I make myself skip lunch so that

I can make sure that everything I did for your wife today
was correct...

I work weekends and holidays and all through the

night because people don't just get sick Monday
though Saturday and during normal working
hours.
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 Today, I might save your life.
How much do I make?

All I know is, I make a difference.

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THANK YOU
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