The patient is a 15-year-old boy who presented with dyspnea, migratory joint pains, and fever. An echocardiogram showed features consistent with mitral stenosis, including thickening and reduced mobility of the mitral valve, doming of the anterior mitral leaflet, and a decreased mitral valve area. The probable diagnosis based on these echocardiographic findings is mitral stenosis.
1 Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America Volume 17 Issue 4 2005 (Doi 10.1016/j.ccell.2005.07.005) Massé, Linda Antonacci, Marie - Low Cardiac Output Syndrome - Identification and Management
The patient is a 15-year-old boy who presented with dyspnea, migratory joint pains, and fever. An echocardiogram showed features consistent with mitral stenosis, including thickening and reduced mobility of the mitral valve, doming of the anterior mitral leaflet, and a decreased mitral valve area. The probable diagnosis based on these echocardiographic findings is mitral stenosis.
The patient is a 15-year-old boy who presented with dyspnea, migratory joint pains, and fever. An echocardiogram showed features consistent with mitral stenosis, including thickening and reduced mobility of the mitral valve, doming of the anterior mitral leaflet, and a decreased mitral valve area. The probable diagnosis based on these echocardiographic findings is mitral stenosis.
The patient is a 15-year-old boy who presented with dyspnea, migratory joint pains, and fever. An echocardiogram showed features consistent with mitral stenosis, including thickening and reduced mobility of the mitral valve, doming of the anterior mitral leaflet, and a decreased mitral valve area. The probable diagnosis based on these echocardiographic findings is mitral stenosis.
echocardiogram showed the following features, What is your probable diagnosis ? Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral stenosis Dr.Sruthi Meenaxshi MBBS,MD ,PDF • Mitral stenosis (MS) is a mechanical obstruction in blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. • The normal area of the mitral valve orifice is about 4–6 cm2 • Impediment to the flow of blood into left ventricle creating pressure gradient occurs when the mitral valve area goes below 2 cm2 Etiology • Mitral stenosis consists of 12% of all valvular heart disease in Euro Heart Survey.
• Rheumatic heart disease (90 %)
• Infective endocarditis, ball valve thrombosis , atrial myoxma • Mitral annular calcification • Congenital malformation ( parachute mitral valve) • Systemic lupus erythematosis • Carcinoid heart disease • Endomyocardial fibrosis • Radiation-associated valve disease, including MS, is increasingly recognized as late manifestation in survivors of Hodgkin’s lymphoma • M-mode echocardiogram — The M-mode examination is performed from the precordium and guided from the 2D long and short axis views. • Normally, the anterior mitral leaflet exhibits a motion pattern that reflects the phasic nature of ventricular filling and produces a familiar M- shaped pattern • The posterior leaflet moves in a nearly mirror image "W" pattern with a smaller excursion M mode mitral valve 2D of mitral stenosis • The following parameters need to be assessed about the valve morphology: • Thickening • Mobility • Subvalvular fusion • Commissural fusion • Calcification. Valvular thickening
• Normal mitral valve thickness is 2-4 mm
• Mitral leaflet thickness can be compared to posterior aortic wall thickness, and the ratio gives an objective assessment. • Normally, the ratio of valve thickness/posterior aortic wall thickness is < 1.4. • 1.4 to2.0 mild Thickening • 2 to 5 moderate thickening • >5 severe thicknening Mobility of valve • (PLAX) and apical four‑chamber views • Assessed by reid index by a line drawn from posterior aortic root wall to the anterior mitral leaflet tip • H/L ratio (ab/xy ratio) • <0.25 mild • 0.25-0.44 moderate • >0.45 severe Reid index Subvalvular apparatus • Measuring chordal shortening • Mild stenosis is if chordal length > 10 mm • Severe disease chordal length < 10 mm Calcification • Bright echogenicity of the leaflets – calcification • Commisural calcification is absolute contraindication for BMV • Two-dimensional echocardiogram — The 2D appearance of the normal mitral valve on TTE depends somewhat upon the imaging plane from which it is viewed. • In the parasternal short axis plane, the valve presents itself as an ovoid (fish mouth) orifice • parasternal long axis and apical views, it resembles clapping hands
• anterior hand longer and more mobile than
the posterior • mitral valve leaflets are thin and translucent; the rough attachment points of its chordae to their free margins are thicker than their smooth bellies. The chordae from each leaflet connect to both papillary muscles. • the valve appears homogeneous and thin, <4 mm in thickness. What happens in mitral stenosis ? • Anatomically, the commissural separation between the anterior and posterior or mural leaflets is • subvalvular apparatus is altered by chordal foreshortening • Immobility of the posterior leaflet is a common early finding with a "hockey stick/knee bend" appearance to the anterior mitral leaflet due to leaflet tethering.
• Doming of the anterior leaflet corresponds
temporally to the opening snap on auscultation. M Mode diagnosis for mitral stenosis • early diastolic closure slope, the E-F slope, produces an easily recognized pattern • severity of obstruction, a slope of less than 10 mm/sec (normal is >60 mm/sec) during suspended respiration means severe mitral stenosis • Reversal of diastolic motion from the normal pattern makes the M-mode of the posterior leaflet one of the most valuable means of identifying mitral stenosis 2 D evaluation of mitral stenosis • dome or bulge into the ventricle throughout diastole • "knee bend" appearance on the precordial long axis view Doming of AML 2D Planimetry • In the parasternal short axis plane, the opening of the valve can be imaged just above the tips of the papillary muscles. • From this orientation, its maximum diastolic opening area can be measured by direct planimetry of the 2D image. • A mitral valve area (MVA) of less than 1.5 cm2 is considered severe, regardless of the method used to calculate its size. Doppler methods • Doppler methods can measure the velocity of mitral inflow. • In mitral stenosis, this velocity increases at rest from a normal value of less than 1 m/sec to greater than 1.5 m/sec.
• The algorithm to convert Doppler velocity into pressure gradient is the
modified Bernoulli equation.
Peak gradient, in mmHg = 4 x peak velocity
• Thus, a peak velocity of 1 m/sec indicates a peak gradient of 4 mmHg; a
peak velocity of 2 m/sec indicates a peak gradient of 16 mmHg; 3 m/sec indicates a peak gradient of 36 mmHg.[ • The mean transmitral gradient can be measured by tracing the area-under-the-curve of the mitral E and A waves obtained by continuous wave Doppler. • With severe mitral stenosis, the mean transmitral gradient is >10 mmHg in sinus rhythm at heart rates between 60 and 80 bpm continous wave doppler in mitral valve tips ( apical 4 chamber view ) Calculate the pressure gradient value > 10 is severe mitral stenosis Calculation of mitral valve area • Pressure half time method • convert Doppler velocity into a pressure gradient, the initial flow velocity is divided by 1.41 (square root of 2), because velocity bears a second order relationship to pressure. Empirically, a pressure half-time of 220 msec is equivalent to a valve area of 1.0 cm2; therefore: • MVA = 220 ÷ pressure half-time Severity grading of mitral stenosis Indirect methods to identify severity of mitral stenosis • degree of foreshortening of the chordae tendineae • leaflet calcification • left atrial enlargement • right ventricular and atrial dilatation • measuring degree of tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension, as determined by Doppler of tricuspid regurgitant jet. • 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for valvular heart disease defined severe mitral stenosis as • MVA ≤1.5 cm2 (MVA ≤1.0 cm2 with very severe MS) and diastolic pressure half-time ≥150 ms • diastolic pressure half-time ≥220 ms with very severe MS, along with severe left atrial enlargement and pulmonary artery systolic pressure >30 mmHg Wilkins score Mitral stenosis • Assess valve doming / restriction / calcification • 2D planimetry – Mitral valve area • Assess Pressure gradient and TR jet velocity associated Pulmonary artery hypertension • Coexisting MR /LA thrombus • Left ventricular and Right ventricular function Assessment of mitral stenosis THANKYOU
1 Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America Volume 17 Issue 4 2005 (Doi 10.1016/j.ccell.2005.07.005) Massé, Linda Antonacci, Marie - Low Cardiac Output Syndrome - Identification and Management