PROTEIN

SYNTHESIS

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• The Power of Protein
• Your body uses protein to build and
repair tissues. You also
use protein to make enzymes,
hormones, and other body
chemicals. Protein is
an important building block of
bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and
blood.

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DNA
and
Genes

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 DNA
• DNA contains genes,
sequences of nucleotide
bases
• These Genes code for
polypeptides (proteins)
• Proteins are used to build
cells and do much of the
work inside cells
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 Genes & Proteins

 Proteins are made of

amino acids linked
together by peptide
bonds
 20 different amino acids
exist

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DNA Begins the Process
• DNA is found inside the
nucleus
• Proteins, however, are made
in the cytoplasm of cells by
organelles called ribosomes
• Ribosomes may be free in the
cytosol or attached to the
surface of rough ER

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 Starting with DNA
• DNA ‘s code must be copied
and taken to the cytosol
• In the cytoplasm, this code
must be read so amino acids
can be assembled to make
polypeptides (proteins)
• This process is called
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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RNA

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Roles of RNA and DNA

• DNA is the MASTER

PLAN

• RNA is the
BLUEPRINT of the
Master Plan
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 RNA Differs from DNA
• RNA has a sugar ribose
DNA has a sugar deoxyribose

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 Other Differences
• RNA contains the
base uracil (U)
DNA has thymine
(T)
• RNA molecule is
single-stranded
DNA is double-
stranded
DNA 13
Structure of RNA

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.
Three Types of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies
DNA’s code & carries the
genetic information to the
ribosomes
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along
with protein, makes up the
ribosomes
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers
amino acids to the ribosomes
where proteins are synthesized
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 Messenger RNA
• Long Straight chain
of Nucleotides
• Made in the Nucleus
• Copies DNA & leaves
through nuclear
pores
• Contains the
Nitrogen Bases A, G,
C, U ( no T )

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• rRNA is a single
strand 100 to 3000
nucleotides long
• Globular in shape
• Made inside the
nucleus of a cell
• Associates with
proteins to form
ribosomes
• Site of protein
Synthesis
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Clover-leaf shape
• Single stranded molecule with
attachment site at one end
for an amino acid
• Opposite end has three
nucleotide bases called the
anticodon

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 Transfer RNA
amino acid
attachment site

U A C
anticodon 19
 The Genetic Code
• A codon designates an amino
acid
• An amino acid may have more
than one codon
• There are 20 amino acids,
but 64 possible codons
• Some codons tell the
ribosome to stop translating
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 The Genetic Code
•Use the
code by
reading from
the center to
the outside
•Example:
AUG codes
for
Methionine

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 Name the Amino Acids
• GGG?
• UCA?
• CAU?
• GCA?
• AAA?

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 Remember the
Complementary Bases
On DNA:
A-T
C-G
On RNA:
A-U
C-G
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 Codons and Anticodons

• The 3 bases of an
anticodon are
complementary to
the 3 bases of a
UGA
codon
• Example: Codon ACU
ACU
Anticodon UGA

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Transcription
and
Translation

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Pathway to Making a
Protein
DNA

mRNA

tRNA (ribosomes)

Protein
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 Protein Synthesis
 The production or synthesis of
polypeptide chains (proteins)
 Two phases:
Transcription & Translation
 mRNA must be processed before
it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic
cells

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 DNA  RNA  Protein
Nuclear
DNA membrane

Transcription
Pre-mRNA
Eukaryotic RNA Processing
Cell mRNA

Ribosome

Translation

Protein
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 Transcription
• The process of copying the
sequence of one strand of
DNA, the template strand
• mRNA copies the template
strand
• Requires the enzyme RNA
Polymerase
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 Question:
 What would be the
complementary RNA strand
for the following DNA
sequence?

DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
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 Answer:
• DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
• RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’

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 Transcription
• During transcription, RNA
polymerase binds to DNA and
separates the DNA strands
• RNA Polymerase then uses
one strand of DNA as a
template to assemble
nucleotides into RNA

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RNA Polymerase

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 Translation
• Translation is the process
of decoding the mRNA
into a polypeptide chain
• Ribosomes read mRNA
three bases or 1 codon at
a time and construct the
proteins
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Transcription

Translation

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