Infection

control
An infection is an invasion of body tissue by
microorganisms and their proliferation there.
 Normal body defenses
• Microorganisms called resident flora because
they are always present, usually in numbers
compatible with the individual’s health
• Nonspecific defenses protect the person
against all microorganisms, regardless of prior
exposure
• Specific (immune) defenses are directed
against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi or
other infectious agents
 Nonspecific defenses
• Include anatomic and physiologic barriers
• Ex: intact skin and mucous membranes are the
body’s first line of defense against
microorganisms
• The eye is protected from infection by tears
• The high acidity of the stomach normally
prevents microbial growth
 Nonspecific defenses
• Inflammation is a local and nonspecific
defensive response of the tissue to injury
or infection
• It’s characterized by 5 signs : pain,
swelling, redness, heat, and impaired
function of the part, if the injury is severe
• Inflammatory agents : physical, chemical
and microorganisms
 Specific defenses

• Involve the immune system

• Foreign proteins called antigen
• Proteins that originated from the person’s own
body called autoantigen
• Active immunity -- the host produces its own
antibodies in response to natural antigens (eg,
infection) or artificial antigens (eg, vaccines)
• Passive immunity – the host receives natural
(eg, from a nursing mother) or artificial (eg,
from an injection of immune serum) antibodies
produced by another source.cth ASI , SERUM

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 Chain of infection
Etiologic agent
(microorganis
Suscepti m)

ble host

Reservoir
(source)

Portal of entry
to the
susceptible host

Portal of exit
from
reservoir
Method of
transmission
 Etiologic agent
• The parasite is a microorganism that lives in or on another
and obtains its nourishment from it
• The extent to which any microorganism or parasite is capable
of producing an infectious process depends on :
1. The number of organisms present
2. The virulence and potency of the organisms
(pathogenicity)
3. The ability of the organisms to enter the body
4. The susceptibility of the host
5. The ability of the organisms to live in the host’s body
• A carrier is a person or animal that harbors a specific
infectious agent and serve as a potential source of infection
yet does not manifest any clinical signs of disease
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 Reservoir
• Is sources of microorganisms
• Common sources are other humans,
the client’s own microorganisms, plants,
animals, or the general environment

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 Portal of exit from reservoir
• Before an infection can establish itself in
a host, the microorganisms must leave
the reservoir

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 Method of transmission
1. Direct transmission (touching, biting, kissing, or
sexual intercourse)
Droplet spread --- sneezing, coughing, singing,
talking
2. Indirect transmission melalui perantara(vehicle-
borne transmission --any substance or vector-borne
transmission – animal/ flying insect)
3. Airborne transmission melalui udara --- droplet nuclei
(residue of evaporated droplets that may remain in
the air for long periods of time) eg, tuberculosis
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Portal of entry to the susceptible host
• Before a person can become infected,
microorganisms must enter the body.
• Often, microorganisms enter the body
of the host by the same route they used
to leave the source

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 Susceptible host
• A susceptible host(kerentanan) is any person
who is at risk for infection. cth kurang tdur
• Compromised hosts are persons “at increased
risk”, individuals who for one or more reasons
are more likely than others to acquire an
infection
• Impairment of the body’s defenses and a
number of other factors can effect susceptibility
to infection
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 Breaking the chain of infection

• Antiseptics --- agents that inhibit the

growth of some microorganisms
• Disinfectants --- agents that destroy
pathogens other than spores
• Sterilization --- a process that destroys
all microorganisms, including spores
and viruses
Common methods of sterilization :
moist heat, gas, boiling water, and
radiation
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 Risk factor for infection
• Age
• Heredity
• Level of stress
• Nutritional status
• Immunization status
• Medical therapies (radiation)
• Preexisting disease processes
• Some past or recent surgical interventions
 Stages of an infectious process
 Incubation period (the time between the entry of
the microorganisms into the body and the onset of
the symptoms
 Prodromal period (the time from the onset of
nonspecific symptoms such as fatique, malaise, etc,
until the specific symptoms of the infection appear)
 Illness period (specific symptoms develop and
become evident)
Convalescent period (extends from the time the
symptoms start to abate until the person returns to
a normal state of health)
 Nosocomial infections

• Are classified as infections that are

associated with the delivery of health
care services in a health care facility.
• It can either develop during a client’s
stay in a facility or manifest after
discharge
 Isolation precautions

• Refers to measures designed to prevent

the spread of infections or potentially
infectious microorganisms to health
personnel, clients and visitors.
 Implementing isolation
precautions
• In all client situations, nurses must
wash their hands before and after
giving care
• Hand washing, face masks, eyewear,
gowns, gloves.
7 langkah cuci tangan
Supporting defenses of a susceptible host

 Hygiene
 Immunizations
 Nutrition
 Fluid
 Rest and sleep
 Stress
Thank you