Seminar

on
Curren
Losses in Storedt Grain and Novel
Approaches
Trends of their
Management
of
Speaker:
Insect
Ankit Uniyal
Pest
ID no.: 50975
M.Sc. (Ag.) Entomology
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
 Conten
t
• Introduction
• Post harvest losses
• Insect pest of stored grain
• Detection methods & Management practices
• Conclusion
 Stored food insect pests
 80% of human food comes from grains
 12% of harvest is lost to insects before harvest
 another 36% is lost after harvest to insects
 overall total food losses due to pests are about 50% destruction
 Post Harvest Losses

Total Post Harvest Losses Storage losses

1.68%

0.92%
0.15%
Storage losses
6.58%
Transportation
losses
Processing
losses
Thressing
yard
losses
Source: TNAU Agritech portel
 Post Harvest Losses In Different Crops Due To Insect Pests

*Production in million Bales of 170 each

Source: Applied Entomology -Dilip Singh, Delhi University

 Types of Losses
Losses in Storage product can be of two types
Close to36% of
the crop is Quantity Loss Quality Loss
lost due to
inefficient Improper time of harvesting Change in colour, smell or taste
post harvest Inconsistent Harvest technology
management Contamination with toxins
(Thrashing & shelling)
Improper drying methods Pathogen
Spillage during storage Insect excreta
Damage caused by pest organism
Reduction in nutritional value
(Aflatoxin)
COMMON INSECT PEST IN STORAGE GRAIN
PRODUCTS
 Extent of losses by insects
Insect pest Damage in % commodity

Rice weevil 10.9 Wheat ,maize

Pulse beetle 32 -69 pulse

Lesser grain borer 10-11 Wheat ,maize

Grain moth 10 -17 Wheat ,rice , oats

Rice moth 9-15 Rice, rice products

 Rodents
 Adopt themselves to different environment.
 Incredible potential for reproduction.
 Have a pair of incisor teeth in upper and lower
jaw.

Black Rat Norwegian rat House mouse

Rattus rattus Rattus norvegicus Mus musculus

Multimammate rat Bandicot rat Pacific rat

Mastomys natalensis B. bengalensis R. exilans
 Mites
 Required relatively moist condition(70% or more).
 Life cyle involves an incomplete metamorphosis.
 Six life stages.
 Several reproduce parthenogenetically.

Three catageroy of mites

Based on stomata present in the body

Astigmata Prostigmata Mesostigmata

• Acaris siro •Kleemannia spp.
•Cunaxa setirostris
• Aleuroglyphus ovatus •Pyemotes spp. •Blattisocius spp.
 Birds
Extent of loss: 0.85%
Major Bird Pest

Pegion Sparrow

Minor bird pest

Crow Myna Dove

Traditional Grain Storage Structures
Granary
Basket Earthen Silos

MADE UP OF BANBOO MADEUP OF MUD, STRAW MADE UP OF MUD PLANT PART

CAPACITY: 500-2000KG
CAPACITY: 50-70KG CAPACITY: 5-7TONS

Jut Saks Kothar Morai

MADE UO OF JUTE, COTTON COMMON IN UTTARAKHAND EASTERN AND SOUTHEREN INDIA

CAPACITY: 50KG CAPACITY: 9-35tons CAPACITY: 3.5-18TONS
Novel Approaches Of Detection
And Management Of Insect-pest
 Why new approaches?

• The detection technologies used are fast and

accurate than the conventional methods.
• Management practices used are reliable.
Detection of Storage Insect-Pest
• Acoustic detection
• Electronic nose
• Near-infrared spectroscopy
• X-ray imaging
 Acoustic Detection
• Relies on sound produced by insects
during feeding and movement on the
grain bulks.
• Equipments Used : Microphones and
Piezoelectric sensors.
• Small insects, young larva: weak
emitters of sound.

Presence of insect Sound produced Sound spectrum processing Detection of insect

Estimation of population density of stored grain pests
via acoustic detection

Panagiotis
et.al.
2016
 Electronic NOSE
Detects the change in quality of
grain change like-
1. production of volatiles
2. odors by microorganisms
3. Presence of insects
 Remotely controlled.
It consists of non-selective
electronic gas sensors
• Red rust flour beetle in wheat
with a high infestation level of 20
insects/kg at 14% and 16%
moisture content(D.S. Jayas and
J. Wu 2013)
• The e-nose was able to
differentiate 1 RFB/kg infestation
level from 20 RFBs/kg at same
moisture content. ELECTRONIC NOSE

RED RUST FLOUR BEETLE PORTABLE ELECTRONIC NOSE

 Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy

• Fast, accurate and economical

technique.
• Provides information based on the
reflectance properties of different
substances present in a product.
• Based on the absorption of
electromagnetic wavelengths in the
range 780–2500 nm.
Drawback
•Can’t discriminate between dead and live insect
•Can’t detect low levels of infestations in bulk samples

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy System

 X-ray Imaging
• Simple, fast and
nondestructive method.
• Karunakaran et al. (2004) used
soft X-ray to detect internal
and external infestations of
Rhyzopertha dominica in
wheat kernels.
• Lixi Fluoroscope: source of
soft X-rays
• X-ray images were
acquired
X-ray Image of S. oryzae
as grayscale images
X-RAY IMAGING
 Novel Management
Approaches
Use of
Biotechnolo
Bioactive -gical
Nanoprticles method

Use of Fumigation
Mechanical with
Methods Speed box

Use of
Protectents Botanicals
 Bioactive Nanoprticles Used Against Stored
Grain Pest Management

 Silica like; diatomaceous earth, synthetic silica

(SiO2), sands, Silica Aerogel
 Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
 Zinc oxide (ZnO)
 Copper oxide (Cu2O)
 Titanium dioxide
 Silver Nanoparticals like; AgNO
 Green Ag NPs is synthesized from Azadirachta indica
(Tripathi et al., 2009); Glycine max (Vivekanandhan et
al.,2009) and Camellia sinensis (Begum et al.,2009).

Goswami et al., 2010 observed 90 %

mortality of S. oryzae by using
Silver nanoparticals.

Sitophilus oryzae
 Silica Nanoparticals
• Diatomaceous earth and synthetic
silica used in the form of inert
dusts.
• Kill by physical rather than
Silica powder
chemical means.
• 100% mortality of Corcyra
cephalonica by amorphous silica
Nanoparticals (Vani and Brindhaa,
2013).
• 80-95% mortality of S. oryzae was
observed (Debnath et al. 2011). Corcyra cephalonica
Novel Use of Nanostructured Alumina as an
Insecticide Synthesis of nanostructured material

NSA was obtained by the combustion

synthesis technique using a redox
mixture, with glycine as fuel and
aluminum nitrate as oxidizer.

Nanostructured alumina

Wheat grains
Rhyzopertha dominica Sitophilus oryzae

Stadler et al.
Goswami et al., 2010 observed 86 % mortality of
S. oryzae

Sabbour , 2012 and Salem et al., 2015 reported:

•highly effective against Sitophilus oryzae
•highly reduced the insect infestations.
•highly oviposition deterrent.
 Zinc oxide nanoparticals
• Effective against S. oryzae.
• Act as feeding deterrent to the
insect and destruction of the
natural water barrier in the waxy
layer of the insect cuticle.
• 65 % mortality of S. oryzae was
observed (Goswami et al., 2010).
Zinc oxide powder
 Mechanical Methods
TNAU INSECT PROBE TRAP
It consists of three important parts : A
main tube, insect trapping tube and a
detachable cone at the bottom.
kept in the grain vertically with the white
plastic cone downside.
Can be used as detection as well as
management tool.

Concept
Insects love “air” and move towards air. This
behaviour of the insect is exploited in this
technology.
The insects catch is higher-20:1 to 121:1(trap :
normal sample)
 TNAU PIT FALL TRAP

Capturs insects active on grain surface and in other

layers of grain.
 Monitoring and mass trapping tool.
Model has perforated lid, cone shaped bottom which
tapers into a funnel shaped trapping tube.

Standard Model TNAU Model

UV – LIGHT TRAP FOR GRAIN STORAGE GODOWNS

 Consists of an ultra‐violet source.

The light is fitted at the centre of a
funnel.
Trap is placed in storage go downs
at 1.5 m above ground level.
2 numbers of UV light trap per 60 x
20 m (L x B) go down with 5 m height
is suggested.
 Egg Removal Device
 Crush the eggs of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis.
The gadget has : outer container, an inner perforated container and a
rotating rod fixed with plastic brushes.
 The seeds with eggs are stored in the perforated container
 Rod is rotated for 10 minutes 3 time a day.
 Splashing action of the brush crush the eggs.

Egg Removal Device Eggs of Callosobruchus chinensis

 Stack Trap (Warehouse trap)
 Hollow tube 1.8-2cm diameter.
Useful in detecting stored grain insects
in bag stacks of the warehouses.
A bend is given at one end which ends
in a transparent collection unit.
 Insect trapped in this unit

Stack Trap
 Pheromon
Pheromones are chemical signals from one organism
that stimulate a response in another individual of the
same species.
• Cause Mating Disruption.

Two types:
1) Sex pheromones –female produces

.
pheromone which attracts male
2) Aggregation pheromones- attract both
males and females most commonly pheromones are
used for-:
Plodia interpunctella,
Lasioderma serricorne And
Tribolium castaneum
 Mating disruption by pheromone release on the Plodia interpunctella
population in warehouse of 15 m3 volume filled with 3 ton wheat grain
Treatment Matting disruption Control
F1 adults/food trap 23+-6 144+-38
Total F1 adults in food 231 716
trap
F1 decrease % 70 -

Total F2 adults in food 682 4595

trap

F2 decrease % 85.2 -

Kostyukovsky M, et.al.. 2014.

 USE OF PROTECTANTS
1.Growth Regulators
 Interfere with the insect mechanism of development
and
molting .
 No progeny capable of reproduction are born.
 IGR -NYGUARD
 IGR –(HYDROPRENE)-Gentrol
 IGR-(s)-METHOPRENE) –Diacon
 Novaluron
 2.Spinosad
• It is a biological insecticide.
• Derived from bacterium: Saccharopolyspora spinosa
• Mode of action: contact and stomach
• Stage specific: Adult
 Effect of Spinosad against main stored product
insect adults 6 months after treatment
Percent Mortality(%)

Treatmen Rhyzoperth Sitophilus Tribolium

t a dominica oryzae castaneum

Spinosad 1 ppm 78 95 25

Spinosad 2 ppm 100 100 61

Spinosad 100 70 59
+deltamethrin0.5pp
m

Cao, Y. and Qi, C.F.

(2007)
 Botanicals
• Plant extracts are commonly referred to as botanicals.
• Secondary plant metabolites.
• Extremely low toxic to mammals.
•Killing or repellent property makes seeds unsuitable for insect pests
Botanicals can be for the management of stored grain pests without any
adverse effect on germination (Mamun and Shahjahan, 2011).
Products Plant Target pest
NeemAzal Azadirachta indica S. oryzae
Plant oils Helianthus annuus Callosobruchus maculates
Methanol extract Chrysanthemum Trogoderma granarium
Petroleum ether Azadirachta indica Callosobruchus chinensis
extract
Leaves, bark and Calotropis procera Rhizopertha dominica
seeds powder
Plant oil Glycine max Callosobruchus maculates

Sources: Nukenine et al.,2011 , Ibrahim, 2012, Derbalah, 2012

Azadirachtin causes 100% mortality to
Sitophilus oryzae (Athanassiou et al.,
(2005).
Methanol extracted from
Chrysenthemum reduced the population
of Trogoderma granarium (Derbalah,
2012 ).
 Fumigation by using Speedbox
• A small waterproof aluminum box (75x40x41 cm).
• contains a heater and a ventilator for injection and
recirculation of the phosphine gas.
• Degesch Plates. 1plate: 33g of 56% PH3.
• Total 12 plates, contains 396g of PH3.
 Workin
•
g
Box is connected to the fumigated space by two pipes.
• heater heats the space with the plates into the Speedbox up
to 36˚C.
• Produced PH3 is blown by a ventilator into the fumigated
space via pipe
• Pumped out from the treated space to the Speedbox for
recirculation.
 Biotechnological Method
STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE/USE OF GAMMA RADIATION
Corcyra cephalonica

• Invented by Edward Knipling.

• Insect are exposed to gamma radiation(Krad).
• Treated adults are reproductively sterile.
• A type of "birth control.” Cadra cautella

• Target pest: lepidopteron.

Gamma radiation sterilization doses for stored

grain adults(Krad):
Species Male Female
Corcyra cephalonica >35 100 Plodia interpunctella
Cadra cautella 50 45
Plodia interpunctella 50 45
Sitotroga cerealella >100 >70
Sitotroga cerealella
 Comparative competitiveness of male and female of Almond
moth treated with gamma radiation

Ratio 35Krad 40Krad

I:U Male Female Male Female
1:1 0.75 1.10 0.69 1.30
5:1 0.97 1.08 0.96 1.08
10:1 0.86 1.06 1.09 1.15
15:1 1.03 1.03 0.94 1.09
25:1 0.96 1.04 1.04 1.03

I= irradiated male
U=unirradiated female
Value of 1 indicates full uncompetitiveness to untreated one

Brower et.al. 1979

Conclusion