HEATING, VENTILATION AN

D AIR CONDITIONING ( HVA

C)
SYSTEM
1. Sooi Yi Hao (EK18160036)
2. Qhairyl Izzuddin Bin Hairol (EK18110053)
3. Riethanelia Usun Richard (EK18160037)
4. Siti NurSabrina Binti Sabarun (EK18160039)
5. Sharifah Kursyiah Binti Bahrman (EK18110030)
C
01
O HVAC SYSTEM BASICS

N 02 REFRIGERATION CYCLE

T
E 03 TECHNICAL STANDARD

N
04
T TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

S
HVAC SYSTEM BASIC
 INTRODUCTION
Building ventilation is the process
of bringing outdoor air into a
building, circulating it, and later
purging it to the environment.
A B
C D
Building ventilation is achieved
by mechanical ventilation
The main purpose of ventilation is
to provide acceptable indoor air
quality by diluting and removing
contaminants from the indoor air.
An HVAC system provides adequate indoor
air quality by:
 conditioning the air in the occupied
space of a building in order to provide for
the comfort of its occupants
 diluting and removing contaminants from
indoor air through ventilation
 providing proper building pressurization.
 Air distribution
01 Outside air intake 03 system

02 Air handling unit 04 Air exhaust system

A system of fans, heating and
cooling coils, air-flow control
dampers, air filters
05 Function
− Outside air (supply) is drawn into a building’s
HVAC system through the air intake by the air
handling unit (AHU).

− Once in the system, supply air is filtered to

remove particulate matter such as mould,
allergens, dust, to be heated or cooled

− Circulated throughout the building via the air

distribution system, which is typically a system
of supply ducts and return ducts

− In the return system, the conditioned supply air

is returned to the AHU (return air) where it is
mixed with supply air, re-filtered, re-
conditioned, and re-circulated throughout the
building.

− Finally, some portion of the air within is

exhausted from the building.
 TYPICAL AHU COMPONENT

Your Picture Here

1 - Supply duct
2 - Fan compartment
3 - Flexible connection
4 - Heating or cooling coil
5 - Filter compartment
6 - Return and fresh air duct
 REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Refrigeration Flow Sheet
 FIRE DAMPERS

Fire dampers are passive fire protection

equipment used in heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent th
e spread of fire inside the ductwork throu
gh fire-resistance rated walls and floors.
 COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL HVAC SYSTEM

1. ACCU complete with necessary controls.

2. Complete packaged AHU.
3. HVAC Control panel.
4. Pneumatic fire dampers and pneumatic volume dampers with all associated.
5. Complete air distribution and return system.
6. Sound attenuators.
7. Control and instrumentation components.
8. Duct heaters and accessories.
9. Motor Starters (provided in the HVAC Control Panel).
10. Electrical /Instrumentation accessories such as cable glands, junction boxes, trays, ladders, tu
bing, fittings, valves etc.
11. Filter Coalescer
12. Power /Control / instrumentation cabling and wiring.
13. HVAC refrigerant and drainage piping system.
 TECHNICAL STANDARDS
HVAC systems in Malaysia are normally designed to comply with the latest editions/revisions of various
specifications, codes, and standards including :

1. PTS 30.48.00.31 - Protective Coatings 7. PTS 32.10.03.10 - Symbol and Identification

and Lining System - Instrumentation

2. PTS 50.013 - Handling, Storage and 8. PTS 33.10.00.31 - Symbols and Identification
Preservation of Materials/Equipment System Electrical

3. PTS 20.085 - The Design and Installation
of Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems
Offshore
4. PTS 30.31.00.32 - Instrumentation for
Measurement and Control
5. PTS 32.37.20.10 - Instrument Signal Lines
6. PTS 31.76.10.10 - Heating Ventilation and
Air Conditioning for Plant Buildings
9. PTS 31.10.00.31 - Noise Control
10. PTS 31.76.10.11 - Installation, Testing, and
Balancing and Commissioning of HVAC
Systems
11. PTS 32.31.09.31 - Instrumentation for
Equipment Packages
12. PTS 33.66.05.31 - Electric Motor Cage
Induction and Synchronous Type
13. PTS 20.142 - Painting and Coating of 20. BS 5422 - Specifications for the use of
Offshore Facilities Thermal Insulating Materials
14. BS 848 - Part 1 - Methods of Testing 21. SMACNA - HVAC Duct Construction
Performance Standards - Metal and Flexible
15. BS 2831 - Methods of Test for Air filters
used in Air-Conditioning and General 22. SMACNA - HVAC Systems
Ventilation - Testing, Adjusting and Balancing
02BS 4718 - Methods of Test for Distribution
16. 23. SOLAS - Sections on Ventilation
Systems Trunking Passing Through Bulkhead and
03BS 4856 - Methods for Testing & Rating
17. Class of Bulkheads
Fan Coil Units, Unit Heaters & Unit Coolers
24. ASHRAE - Standard 62.1-2007
18. BS 5141 - Air Heating & Cooling Coils
04
19. BS 5345 - Selection, Installation & Maintenance
25. ASHRAE - Standard 55-1992
(with 1995 Addenda) Thermal Environmental
of Electrical Apparatus for use in Potentially
Conditions for Human Occupancy
Explosive Atmosphere
TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. In Malaysian waters , typically the environmental conditions for which the HVAC
skids and equipment are designed including :

Ambient air temp max/min Environment

37℃ / 21 ℃ Humid & saliferous, Tropical, Offshore

.
Relative Humidity Wind Velocity

40 – 100 %. 39 m/s.
Internal Room Condition Room Overpressure

24 ℃ / 65 % Relative Humidity. 30 Pa
2. Environmentally harmful refrigerants such as R-22 are not
used. The recommended refrigerant is HFC - 134 a.

3. HVAC Systems are usually designed for reliability and safety, particularly of the
equipment and controls. The location is considered and also the impact on maintenance and
replacement.

4. The operation of the HVAC system shall be fully integrated with the electrical, instrumentation, fire
and gas detection and protection systems to provide a safe environment under all foreseeable operating
conditions.

5. A Direct Expansion ( DX ) System with 100% backup capacity shall provide air
conditioning to the area that requires air-conditioning.

6. The condensing unit shall be controlled on the principle of average supply air
temperature
7. The temperature shall be regulated by a temperature control system located in the
return air supply. The settings of the temperature control system located in the condensing
unit shall be site adjustable.

8. Duct heaters shall be individually controlled by solid -state temperature sensors in the
air-conditioned rooms. Duct heaters shall be sized to maintain the room condition
within the design range during part load operation.

9. Fire dampers shall be installed as per the requirements of SOLAS to maintain the
integrity/fire rating of any walls or partitions where duct penetration is required to be made.
HVAC ducts shall not penetrate any blast wall.

10. Noise levels within rooms being air-conditioned are typically 65 dB . The minimum
number of air changes within rooms being air conditioned is typically 12 air changes per
hour.
1 HVAC system
operation and
fire protection TYPICAL DESIGN C
devices;
such as fire
ONSIDERATIONS
dampers shall 2Noise limits for
be developed
in accordance HVAC equipment
are as follows;
in a safe area
4 away from the
Fresh air inlets to
Air Cooled exhaust of other
with the
enclosures shall be
Condensing Units equipment such
requirements & Air Handling
located
as
of the Safety, Units: 80 dB turbines.
Fire and Gas
Detection and to minimise the
FGS Alarm and
3 The location effect of wind
Shutdown
Philosophies of inlet/outlet on the HVAC
openings are selected system
Enclosed spaces that are being air-conditioned shall be The design of the HVAC
maintained at a minimum of +0.3 mbarg over-pressure system shall comply with
with respect to the surrounding atmosphere. Over- the requirements of the
pressurisation shall be avoided by the use of pressure platform safety philosophy.
relief dampers. Care must be taken to
1 ensure that the following
are provided for the
detection of gas/smoke:
2
Gas detection at
all fresh air
intakes from the
TYPICAL DESIGN atmosphere
Smoke
CONSIDERATIONS detection
where
applicable
 All equipment , accessories,
wiring , piping located outdoor shall
incorporate all necessary
weatherproofing and
protection for installation
AHU and ACCU and associated
Auxiliaries are normally located
outdoors and as such shall
be provided with,
TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Major equipment such as AHU and ACCU
shall be mounted on a structural steel skid
in accordance with
PTS 30.48.00.31-P
or other acceptable standard.
suitable weather protection to
Prevent malfunction due to wear
ingress or deterioration due to
exposure to the marine environment
 TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The ACCU is typically an air-cooled unit with direct
drive fans.
The condenser section shall include the
coil assembly constructed of seamless
copper tubing with copper fins. The coil
shall be tested according to BS 5141.
it is skid mounted and suitable
for year round outdoor
operation in a corrosive salt-
laden
Marine environment.
The ACCU fans shall be direct
driven anti-static propeller type
with low noise levels.
 TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The fans are normally
equipped with a
The AHU is typically a complete and backdraft damper to
integral unit equipped with centrifugal prevent short circuit of airflow
fans, evaporator coil, motors, filters etc..

All casing penetrations for pipework / cables

shall be provided with suitable seals/ cable
glands to maintain air tightness and
The AHU is designed
consideration shall be given to the pressure
for low
noise operation. differentials when in operation
TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The air-cond system shall have disposable type

01 filters.

The direct expansion evaporator coil shall be

02 suitable for use with HFC-134a refrigerant .

Fans and motors assembly are typically mounted

03 on a common bedplate with anti-vibration
mounting.

The fire dampers must at least have same fire

04 resistance as the wall, floor, ceiling and duct in
which they are located.
TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Refrigerant piping is to be made from copper and

05 shall comply with ASME B 31.5 or other acceptable
standard.

Supply , Exhaust, and Pressurisation Fans shall be

06 the tube axial type and Fan Motors shall be the
totally enclosed type and lubricated for life with
thermal cutout.

07 Filter coalescers shall be designed to provide easy

removal of the filter/coalescer panels for
inspection/maintenance purposes.

Grilles, registers, Diffusers, and Louvres shall be

08 selected/ designed to be within the area/rooms
noise limit.
Lastly, Refrigerant and condensate drain piping shall be insulated with non-combustible and
Smokeless pipe insulation which shall be jacketed with vapor barrier type stainless steel cladding.
Refrigerant suction lines shall be insulated to prevent condensation and heat gain.
Thank you