WEEK 1

I N S E A R C H O F N E G AT I V E S
 1. D

2. D
PRE- TEST 3. C

4. A

5. C
What are ATOMS?
Atoms are electrically neutral, spherical entity
composed of a positively charged central nucleus
surrounded by one or more negatively charged
electron.

The word atom came from the Greek word

atomos which means tiny or indivisible.

Theories about the atom started when

Democritus proposed that matter is made up of
tiny, indivisible particles he called atomos and a
void.

The atom is divided into three subatomic

particles: proton, neutron, and electron. The
nucleus is at the center.
The Structure of the Atom
 PROTON
p+

Positively charged subatomic particle

Has a mass of 1. 0073 amu and a charge of

+1

Discovered by Ernest Rutherford

 NEUTRON
n0

Has a mass of 1. 0087 amu and has a charge

of 0 or no charge

Discovered by James Chadwick

 ELECTRON

e-
Negatively charged subatomic particle

Has a mass of 0. 0005 amu and a charge of -1

Located outside the nucleus

Discovered by J.J. Thomson through his Cathode

Ray Tube experiment

 NUCLEUS
A small, dense area at the center of every
atom

Composed of the protons and neutrons

The mass of the atom is equal to the sum of

the number of protons and neutrons

Discovered by Ernest Rutherford

This discovery led to the creation of the

nuclear model of the atom
 THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
SUBATOMIC SYMBOL MASS UNITS CHARGE LOCATION IN THE
PARTICLE (amu) ATOM(INSIDE/OUTSIDE
THE NUCLEUS)

Proton p+ 1. 0073 +1 Inside

Neutron n0 1. 0087 0 Inside

Electron e- 0. 0005 -1 outside

Q U A N T U M M E C H A N I C A L
M O D E L O F T H E A T O M

WEEK 1
QUANTUM MODEL OF
THE ATOM
Proposed by Louis de Broglie, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin
Schrödinger.

The quantum mechanical model describes the probable location of

electrons in atoms by using quantum numbers.

Based on Heisenberg’s calculations, he assumed that:

It is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an

electron at the same time, because electrons behave like waves.
(Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle)

It uses complex shapes of orbitals or electron clouds.

QUANTUM NUMBERS
 PRINCIPAL
QUANTUM NUMBER
Symbol: n

Represents the energy level of the atom

Describes the size and energy of the orbital and

relative distance from the nucleus

Possible values: 1, 2, 3 and so on

ANGULAR
Symbol:
MOMENTUM/
AZIMUTHAL
QUANTUM NUMBER
Indicates the shape of the orbital

Values:

s=0

p=1

d=2

f=3
MAGNETIC
QUANTUM
NUMBER
Symbol:

Represents the orientation or direction of an

orbital around the nucleus

Values: - to 0 to +

example:

if =3

then = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

 • Symbol:
SPIN QUANTUM
NUMBER • Represents the spin of electrons
in an orbital

• Values:

-1/2

+1/2
Electron Configuration
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Describes how electrons are arranged or
distributed in an atom

Has the following parts:

 AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
• Electrons occupy the lowest energy level first.

• s is filled first, followed by p, then, d and the last

is f

s = 2 maximum electrons

p = 6 maximum electrons

d = 10 maximum electrons

f = 14 maximum electrons
HUND’S RULE
• Electrons fill up empty orbitals first before
sharing them.
PAULI’S EXCLUSION
PRINCIPLE
• Each orbital can only accommodate a maximum of two
electrons, with different spins

• +1/2 is clockwise

• -1/2 is counterclockwise
 Atomic number: 7

What is the Following the mnemonics, we have:

electron 1s22s22p3
The number of electrons (exponent) should be equal to the atomic number of the
configuration of element.

nitrogen?
NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION

• Write the Noble Gas before the element in a bracket

followed by the configuration of its valence electrons.

• VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE THE ELECTRONS IN

THE OUTERMOST SHELL OF THE ATOM, IT IS
EQUAL TO THE GROUP NUMBER OF THE
ELEMENT.

• Example:
• We can use the rules in writing electron configuration in determining the quantum
numbers of an atom.
• Example:
Nitrogen
Atomic no.: 7
Electron configuration: 1s22s22p3

1st electron: n= 1, l = 0 , ml = 0, ms= +1/2

2nd electron: n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = -1/2

3rd electron: n = 2, l = 0, ml=0, ms= +1/2

4th electron: n= 2, l=0, ml= 0, ms= -1/2

5th electron: n = 2, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = +1/2

6th electron: n= 2, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2

7th electron: n= 2, l= 1, ml = +1, ms= +1/2

ALLOWED OR NOT ALLOWED?
ALLOWED

n= 2
=1
= -1
= +1/2
NOT ALLOWED

n= 1

=1

= +1

= +1/2
ACTIVITIES:
• LOOKING BACK

• ACTIVITY 2

• ACTIVITY 3

• ACTIVITY 4

• CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

• POST TEST

• REFLECTION
 REMINDERS

FOLLOW THE PRESCRIBED ANSWER SHEET

FORMAT.

SUBMISSION OF ANSWER SHEETS WILL ONLY

BE UNTIL JANUARY 30, 2021

NOT FOLLOWING THE PRESCRIBED FORMAT

WILL BE DEDUCTED 10 POINTS