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Tərtib edən: Osmanov Elçin

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Mövzu 1 Introduction. Celestial sphere and spherical coordinates of

the luminaries

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Plan

- Introduction
- The celestial sphere
- Basic objects on the celestial sphere
- Coordinate systems on the celestial sphere
- Spherical coordinates of luminaries

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INTRODUCTION

Astronomy is divided into a number of specialized sections with their

own tasks and methods, essentially separate sciences: astrometry,
celestial mechanics and theoretical astronomy, astrophysics and
general astronomy.

The main problems solved by nautical astronomy are

: - Determining the position at sea by observations of the luminaries;
- determination of the corrections of directional instruments;
- provision of a time service.

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The Navigational Astronomy course consists mainly of the following sections:

- basics of spherical and general astronomy, where the coordinates of the

luminaries, their changes, measurement of time, ephemerides are studied;

- Nautical astronomical instruments, where sextant, chronometer, starry globe,

inclinometer, their operation and various corrections are studied;

- Astronavigation, where methods of determining compass corrections,

determining a ship's position and analysing errors of determination are discussed.

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The celestial sphere is an auxiliary sphere

of arbitrary radius, to the center of which
the main lines of the observer and the
Earth and the directions to the luminaries
are moved parallel.

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Key terms
Vertical
world axis RNRS
true horizon
celestial equator
meridian of observer
midday
midnight RNnRS
elevated pole

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Key terms
verticals
almucantarates
first vertical
celestial meridians
parallels
the meridian of the observer
observer's vertical

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Horizon coordinate system

The height h of a luminary is the
arc of its vertical from the true
horizon to the luminary's position.
0 to ±90° + -

The azimuth A of a luminary is the

arc of the true horizon between
the meridian of the observer and
the luminary's vertical

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Horizontal coordinate system

Semi-circular azimuth
0 - 180 midnight to W , E
Circular azimuth
0 - 360 degrees from point N
towards E
Quarter azimuth
0 - 90° from the nearest part of the
observer's meridian
Zenithal distance z

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The first equatorial coordinate

system. The main direction in this
system is the PNPS world axis and
the equator and the observer's
meridian are the main circles.

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The first equatorial coordinate

system.
Inclination δ of the luminary
0 to 90° to N or S
Hour angle t
from the noon meridian of the
observer to W 0 to 360°
Polar distance ∆

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The second equatorial coordinate

system. In this system, with the
same world axis, the celestial
equator and the Aries point
meridian are the main circles
By a straight ascent α
opposite W 0 to 360°
By stellar addition τ
τ = 360°-α

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Ecliptic coordinate system. ecliptic

axis ll', main circles - ecliptic and
Aries point latitude circle
Ecliptic latitude β
0 - 90° "+" to N, " - " to S
Ecliptic longitude λ
0 - 360 to the counting side α

360°=24Ч; 15°=1Ч; 1о=4м; 1'=4c; 0,25'=1c

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Questions

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