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Dynamics: Vector Mechanics For Engineers
Dynamics: Vector Mechanics For Engineers
Dynamics: Vector Mechanics For Engineers
12 DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Kinetics of Particles:
Newton’s Second Law
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
Introduction Angular Momentum of a Particle
Newton’s Second Law of Motion Equations of Motion in Radial &
Linear Momentum of a Particle Transverse Components
Systems of Units Conservation of Angular Momentum
Equations of Motion Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Dynamic Equilibrium Sample Problem 12.7
Sample Problem 12.1 Sample Problem 12.8
Sample Problem 12.3 Trajectory of a Particle Under a Central
Force
Sample Problem 12.4
Sample Problem 12.5 Application to Space Mechanics
Sample Problem 12.6 Sample Problem 12.9
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Introduction
• Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of bodies at
rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration.
Systems of Units
• Of the units for the four primary dimensions (force,
mass, length, and time), three may be chosen arbitrarily.
The fourth must be compatible with Newton’s 2nd Law.
Equations of Motion
• Newton’s second law provides
F m a
• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g.,
for rectangular components,
Fx i Fy j Fz k m a x i a y j a z k
Fx ma x Fy ma y Fz ma z
Fx mx Fy my Fz mz
• For tangential and normal components,
F t mat F n man
dv v2
t
F m Fn m
dt
Dynamic Equilibrium
• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,
F m a 0
ma inertial vector
• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system
of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
• Methods developed for particles in static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
may be represented with a closed vector polygon.
• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as
they measure the resistance that particles offer to
changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or
direction.
• Inertial forces may be conceptually useful but are
not like the contact and gravitational forces found
in statics.
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 8
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Eighth
y T1 100 kg a A
T2 2940 N - 300 kg a B
2940 N - 300 kg 12 a A
T2 2T1 0
2940 N 150 kg a A 2100 kg a A 0
a A 8.40 m s 2
a B 12 a A 4.20 m s 2
T1 100 kg a A 840 N
T2 2T1 1680 N
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 13
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Eighth
x
Fx mB a x mB a A cos 30 a B A :
WB sin 30 WB g a A cos 30 a B A
aB A a A cos 30 g sin 30
Fy mB a y mB a A sin 30 :
N1 WB cos 30 WB g a A sin 30
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 15
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Eighth
aA
32.2 ft s 2 12 lb cos 30
2 30 lb 12 lb sin 30
a A 5.07 ft s 2
an
v2
v an 2 m 16.03 m s 2
v 5.66 m s
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 18
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Eighth
v 64.7 ft s 44.1 mi h
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 20
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Eighth
H O mr 2
r F
d
dt
mr 2
m r 2 2rr
F m r 2r
or H O mr 2 constant
HO angular momentum
r 2 h
m unit mass
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 23
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Eighth
dA 1 2 d 1 2
• Define 2r 2 r areal velocity
dt dt
where a 12 r0 r1
b r0 r1
GM gR 2 9.81m s 2 6.37 106 m 2
398 1012 m3 s 2
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 36
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Eighth
2 ab 2 36.8 106 m 21.4 106 m
h 70.4 109 m 2 s