P RO FE SS IO NA L P RA CT ICE 1

PROFESSION IN
ARCHITECTURE.
MODULE 1.

Aishwarya PM Megha V Nagaraksha R Pavana BK Vrushank s

Presentation Outline
TOD AY 'S DI S CU SSI O N

• what is "profession"?
• Differences between profession, trade and business.
• profession in Architecture and its types.
• services offered by architects.
• scale of fees and stages of payment.
• Contract between client and architect. 
What is "Profession"?
The word "profession" can be defined as any occupation, a practice or a vocation requiring
the mastery of a complex set of KNOWLEDGE and SKILLS through formal education
and/or practical experience. Every profession is governed by its respective professional
bodies.

A person who uses this knowledge and skill set and makes it his career is known as a
PROFESSIONAL.

Any profession these days involves dealing with three important functions:
• BUSINESS- dealing with money and accounts.
• TECHNOLOGY- planning, designing, control and co-ordination of activities.
• QUASI-JUDICIAL- contract agreemet and conflict resolution.
Difference between....

BUSINESS

TRADE A business is defined as

PROFESSION an organization or
Trade involves the enterprising entity
proficient well skilled transfer or goods or engaged in commercial,
qualified person services from one industrial, or professional
making a career out of person to another in activities.
it . exchange for money.
Types and Extent of Service

SCOPE OF AN ARCHITECT

1 Taking Client's instructions and preparation of design brief.

2 Site evaluation, analysis and impact of existing and / or proposed development on its immediate
environs.
3 Design and site development.
4 Structural design.
5 Sanitary, plumbing, drainage, water supply and sewerage design.
6 Electrical, electronic, communication systems and design.
7 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning design (HVAC) and other mechanical systems.
8 Elevators, escalators, etc.
9 Fire detection, Fire protection and Security systems etc.
10 Periodic inspection and evaluation of Construction works.
Types and Extent of Service
ALLIED FIELDS

11 Landscape Architecture
12 Interior Architecture
13 Architectural Conservation
14 Retrofitting of Buildings
15 Graphic Design and Signage
Types and Extent of Service
S C H E D U L E O F S E RV I C E S

The Architect shall, after taking instructions from the Client, render the following services:
CONCEPT DESIGN [STAGE 1] :
2.01 Ascertain Client's requirements, examine site constraints & potential ; and prepare a design brief
for Client's approval.
2.02 Prepare report on site evaluation, state of existing buildings, if any ; and analysis and impact of
existing and/ or proposed development on its immediate environs.
2.03 Prepare drawings and documents to enable the Client to get done the detailed survey and soil
investigation at the site of the project.
2.04 Furnish report on measures required to be taken to mitigate the adverse impact, if any, of the
existing and / or proposed development on its immediate environs.
2.05 Prepare conceptual designs with reference to requirements given and prepare rough estimate of
cost on area basis.
 Types and Extent of Service
PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DRAWINGS [STAGE 2] :
2.06 Modify the conceptual designs incorporating required changes and prepare the preliminary
drawings, sketches, study model, etc., for the Client's approval along with preliminary estimate of cost
on area basis.DRAWINGS FOR CLIENT'S/ STATUTORY

APPROVALS [STAGE 3] :2.07 Prepare drawings necessary for Client's/ statutory approvals and ensure
compliance with codes, standards and legislation, as applicable and assist the Client in obtaining the
statutory approvals thereof, if required.

WORKING DRAWINGS AND TENDER DOCUMENTS [STAGE 4] :2.08 Prepare working drawings,
specifications and schedule of quantities sufficient to prepare estimate of cost and tender documents
including code of practice covering aspects like mode of measurement, method of payments, quality
control procedures on materials & works and other conditions of contract.
Types and Extent of Service
APPOINTMENT OF CONTRACTORS [STAGE 5] :2.09 Invite, receive and analyse tenders; advise
Client on appointment of contractors.

CONSTRUCTION [STAGE 6] :
2.10 Prepare and issue working drawings and details for proper execution of works during construction.
2.11 Approve samples of various elements and components.
2.12 Check and approve shop drawings submitted by the contractor/ vendors.
2.13 Visit the site of work, at intervals mutually agreed upon, to inspect and evaluate the Construction
Works and where necessary clarify any decision, offer interpretation of the drawings/specifications,
attend conferences and meetings to ensure that the project proceeds generally in accordance with the
conditions of contract and keep the Client informed and render advice on actions, if required.
Types and Extent of Service
2.14 In order to ensure that the work at site proceeds in accordance with the contract documents/
drawings and to exercise time and quality controls, the day-to-day supervision will be carried out by a
Construction Manager (Clerk of Works/ Site Supervisor or Construction Management Agency in case of
a large and complex project), who shall work under the guidance and direction of the Architect and shall
be appointed and paid by the Client.
2.15 Issue Certificate of Virtual Completion of works.

COMPLETION [STAGE 7] :
2.16 Prepare and submit completion reports and drawings for the project as required and assist the
Client in obtaining "Completion/ Occupancy Certificate" from statutory authorities, wherever required.
2.17 Issue two sets of as built drawings including services and structures.
Scale of fees

REMUNERATION
• The scale of professional fees and charges as adopted by COA shall be
adhered to.
• A higher fee can be agreed to prior to engagement
• Any omission of part of normal service can be discounted for in the fee
by prior explicit agreement.
Schedule of services and payment
The Architect shall be paid the professional fee in the following stages consistent with the work done plus other charges and
reimbursable expenses as agreed upon.
Contract between client and architect
ARCHITECTS RESPONSIBILITIES-

• Field measuring and observation.

• Zoning analysis and assistance with obtaining approvals/variances.
• . Preparation of preliminary design and presentation to client.
• Preparation of final design, in accordance with client’s response to preliminary design. The design
• Phase generally consists of two to three design Revisions. Design changes beyond this number will
result in additional fees.
• Preparation of detailed Construction Documents for obtaining bids from contractors, for obtaining
building permit, and for use by the contractor to construct the Project.
• Construction Documents shall include:
• Drawings: Plot plan, general Notes, Foundation Plan, Floor/Framing Plans, Window/Door Schedules and details as required,
Finish Schedules, Partial Building Elevations, Building Sections, necessary interior elevations and sections.
• Specifications: Site work, Concrete, Masonry, Metals, wood and Plastics, Doors and Windows, Finishes.
Contract between client and architect

CLIENT’S RESPONSIBILITIES-

• Provide full information about the objectives, schedule, and constraints of the project. The Architect may rely on

the accuracy and completeness of information furnished by the client.

• Establish a budget with reasonable contingencies that meet project requirements.

• Furnish surveying, geotechnical engineering and environmental testing as requested.
• Employ a contractor to perform the construction work and provide cost-estimating services after
• the completion of the preliminary design and before the preparation of final construction
documents.
• The costs associated with any structural modifications/redesign and or repairs required because of
unforeseen conditions uncovered during construction, shall be the responsibility of the client.
Contract between client and architect

PAY M E N T S A N D C O M P E N S AT I O N T O T H E A R C H I T E C T-

• Architectural Services are based on the construction cost calculated as follows [to be confirmed with

client]

• Retainer : An initial payment retainer shall be paid upon execution of this Agreement and will be credited
to the final payment. (The final payment is typically the invoice for the final Construction/Bid Document
Drawings).
• Design Phase: Payment at completion or near completion of the Design Phase. (May be broken into two
payments depending on size and scope of the project.)
• Construction/Bid Documents Phase: Payment at completion of the Construction/Bid Documents Phase.
• Additional Services: Additional services such as letters, addendums, changes construction site visits, and
supplementary copies, and detailed construction cost estimating are billable expenses and due at the
completion of the service.
Contract between client and architect
GENERAL CONDITIONS:

• The client has the right to cancel Architectural Services at any time for cause or for the client’s convenience
and will be responsible only for payment for services performed up to the date of cancellation. Any
cancellation of Architectural Services shall be done in writing.
• If the client fails to make payment on any undisputed amount, then the Architect has the right to suspend
work and shall not be held responsible for any delays as a result.
• Changes in scope requested by the Client that are inconsistent with client’s prior approval of the Final
Design Drawings, may result in additional work and shall be considered beyond the scope of this
Agreement. The Architect will notify the client, prior to commencement of the additional services, of any
time delays and additional fees that may be incurred.
• The Architect shall have no responsibility for the identification, discovery, presence, handling, removal or
disposal of, or exposure of person to, hazardous materials in any form at the project site.
• The Architect may visit the site at intervals appropriate to the stage of construction to become familiar with
the progress and the quality of the work and to determine if the work is being performed in accordance with
the Contract Documents.
Code of conduct - 1972
ARCHITECT'S ACT OF 1972

• Codes of conduct for Indian architects A code of conduct is a set of rules that outlines the duties and
responsibilities of a particular person, groups or organization. All professions are bound by these codes,
including architecture which is a process of designing, planning and construction of buildings and other
structures.
• Indian architects are required to register with a government body called the council of architecture so that
one can be able to carry out the professional practice. When they register with this body each architect gets
a unique registration number.
Code of conduct - 1972

ARCHITECT'S ACT OF 1972

• They also have to follow the Indians architects act 1972, which states the following.
• All architects are to be bound by this act and are to follow it.

• The council of architecture shall be the body responsible for all architects. Through this body contracts can be made. One can sue or be sued.

• The head office shall be in Delhi unless stated otherwise by the central government, which will be put in the gazette.

• Specifies the number of members who are to be on the council and there mode of election.It talks about the registration of architects.

• That with them they should have their birth certificate, national identification card, relevant school documents and a degree from a known institution.

•
Punishments to those who give false representation are also stated.
Code of conduct - 1972
ARCHITECT'S ACT OF 1972

The Indian government also did establish a code of conduct in the Indian constitution. It is under the
professional code of conduct 1989. It states that:
1. Every architect who's either employed or practicing is subject to the provisions of the central civil services.
2. An architect should make sure that his professional activities do not conflict with his responsibilities and
what he is entitled to do, his responsibility to the society and environment.
3. He or she should apply and use his skills? responsibly for the economic development of India.
4. The architect shall provide professional services of high quality and to the best of his ability.
5. Should always inform the client on the conditions of engagement and the terms of agreement especially if
one is on private practice. These are to form the basis of an appointment.
6. One should not sub commission work to another or other architects without an agreement with his client.
7. He should not give or take discounts, gifts, commissions or any form of inducement for introduction of a
client or work.
Code of conduct - 1972
ARCHITECT'S ACT OF 1972

8. He should act with impartiality and fairness when administering a contract.

9. The architect should maintain very high standards of integrity.

10. Should promote the advancement of architecture, research, training, architectural education and also training.

11. He should respect and recognize professional responsibilities of consultants.

These are just a few codes of conduct stated in the Indian constitution. Architects are to live by the above
regulations so as to have quality output in the services they deliver. There are also consequences to breach of
these codes. One is held liable by the law.
Role of Council of Architecture
COA

The Council of Architecture (COA) has been constituted by the Government of India under the provisions of
the Architects Act, 1972, enacted by the Parliament of India, which came into force on 1st September, 1972.
The Act provides for registration of Architects, standards of education, recognized qualifications and standards
of practice to be complied with by the practicing architects. The Council of Architecture is charged with the
responsibility to regulate the education and practice of profession throughout India besides maintaining the
register of architects. For this purpose, the Government of India has framed Rules and Council of Architecture
has framed Regulations as provided for in the Architects Act, with the approval of Government of India.
Role of COA to support in the implementation of
ECBC in India
Role of Council of Architecture
COA

The COA prescribes the minimum standards of architectural education required for granting recognized
qualifications by colleges or institutions in India. The standards of architectural education in India are governed
by Council of Architecture (Minimum Standards of Architectural Education) Regulations, 1983, which
prescribes the eligibility for admission course duration standards of staff & accommodation course content
examination etc. The Council has the power to require from time to time, information on the courses of study
and examinations conducted by the recognized architectural colleges and institutions and oversees that the
standards are maintained periodically, by way of conducting inspections through Committees of Experts.

The COA recommends recognition of architectural institutions in India - The Council appoints inspectors to
Inspect any Institution where Architectural Education is imparted, for the purpose of recommending to the
Central Government recognition of Architectural Qualifications granted by the Institution.
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

An institute (association) of architects in India registered under the Societies Act XX1 of 1860 – a voluntary
organization
• 1917 JJ Alumni Association of Students of Architecture
• 1922 Bombay association of Students of Architecture
• 1925 Associated with Royal Institute of British Architects
• 1929 Indian Institute of Architects registered as a society

Membership:
• Honorary Fellows – not necessarily an architect
• Associates – age 21+ and graduated from institutions registered with COA
• Licentiate – anybody registered with COA can apply
• Students
• Retired Members – any of first three on age of 55+ and fully retired from profession/service
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Functions:
• Promoting the profession by uniting and organizing the architects in India
• Promote aesthetic, practical and scientific efficiency of the profession
• Represented in various national and international committees connected with art, architecture and building
industry
• Actively associated with UIA (Intl. Union of Architects), CAA (Commonwealth Association of Architects)
and SAARC of architects.
• Building standards of architectural education, training and practice through conferences / exhibitions /
competitions / scholarships
Functional Structure of Indian
Institute of Architects (IIA)
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
QUESTIONS-
Q1. What are various by-laws laid down by IIA for conduct of Architectural Practice?
Q2. Explain what profession and business are? Why is architecture considered
as a profession and not a business?
Q3. Write differences between profession, trade and business.
Q4. What is profession?
Q5. Enumerate various stages of payment to an architect, as recommended by COA.
Q6. What are relevant clauses in the agreement between an Architect and the Client?
Q7. What are the types and extents of services of an architect? Elaborate.
Q8. Explain in detail various alternative dispute resolution methods?
Q9. What are the types and extents of services of an architect? Elaborate.
Q10. Explain the scale of fees
Q11. What is a contract between the client and the architect? Elaborate on the architect's responsibilities and client's responsibilities.
Q12.What is the code of conduct?
Q13. Explain general conditions between client and an architect in a contract
Q14. What is the role of COA? What is the role it played in the implementation of ECBC in India?