Introduction to Psychology II

Miss Iram Naz

Lecturer Psychology Department
 Motivation
 Motivation is a need or desire that
energizes or direct behavior
• The psychological feature that arouses an
organism to action toward a desired goal;
the reason for the action; that which
gives purpose and direction to behavior
• is the push of the mental forces to
accomplish an action
• Unsatisfied needs, motivate
 Motivational modal
Need, an internal deficiency

Drive, an energizing motivational state

Response, an action or series of action to attain the

goal

Goal, the target of the motivated behavior

 Model of Motivation

External
stimulation

Need Drive Goal Satisfaction

A lot of our motives are said to be cyclic.

 Different concepts related to
motivation
• Motive is something that causes a person to act; it
could be any
– cause;
– incentive;
– purpose; or
– intention
• Instinct is the inherent disposition of a living
organism toward a particular behavior. Instincts are
– unlearned,
– inherited fixed action patterns of responses or reactions to
certain kinds of stimuli.
 Cont….
• Need
– is anything that is necessary but lacking or
– A lack of something wanted or deemed
necessary
• Drives
– a physiological state corresponding to a strong
need or desire
• Difference between need and drive
“Need" is a physiological situation that must be
resolved (hunger, thirst, etc.). In such
situations, the "drive" is the motivation to solve
the physiological need.
 Homeostasis
• The ability or tendency of an organism or cell
to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting
its physiological processes
• The relatively constant conditions within
organisms, or the physiological processes by
which such conditions are maintained in the
face of external variation
• So it is standing steady or steady state
• Needs produced by a process known as
homeostasis
 Cont…..
• Our biological drives maintain our homeostasis
• When our body deviates from the optimal level
automatic reactions began to make it steady as
– If you feel too hot, more blood will flow through
skin thus lowering body temperature
– we are normally not aware of such changes,
unless continued disequilibrium drives us to move
to a shady place, warmth, food and water
 Types of motives
• Primary motives
– Primary motives (basic drives) innate/inborn
• Purpose:- self preservation/species preservation
– unlearned
• Secondary motives
– Acquired as part of the socialisation process.
– Motives based on learned need, desires and goals
• Only consider our secondary motives once our
primary motives have been satisfied
 Examples of Primary and
Secondary Motives
• Primary motives • Secondary motives
– Hunger – Gregariousness
– Thirst (common social motive)
– Sleep – Curiosity
– Temperature regulation – Ambition
– Elimination – Competition
– Avoidance of pain – Aggression
– Sex – Interests
– Attitudes