Ways of Expressing

Concentration
 Ways of Describing Concentration
Dilute
When the amount of solute is less
Example: vinegar
Concentrated
When the amount of solute is more
Example: mouthwash
Percentage Concentration
% mass/mass
% volume/volume
% mass/volume
 % mass/mass
 

A 10% sugar solution by mass simply

means that there are 10 grams of
sugar dissolved in 90 grams of water.
Calculate the percentage
concentration in the following
solutions.
a. 2 gram sucrose in 80 grams
water.
b. 10 mL ethanol in 50 mL solution.
Calculate the percent by mass of the
solute in each of the following
solutions:
a. 5.50 g of NaBr in 78.2 g of solution
b. 31.0 g of KCl in 152 g of water
c. 4.5 g of toluene in 29 g of benzene
Calculate the amount of water (in
grams) that must be added to
a. 5.00 g of urea [(NH2)2CO] in the
preparation of 16.2 percent by
mass solution
b. 26.2 g of MgCl2 in the preparation
of a 1.5 percent by mass solution.
 % volume/volume
 

Five percent ethanol solution by

volume is prepared by adding
enough water to 5 mL ethanol to
produce a 100 mL solution.
 % mass/volume
 

Percentage mass/volume is widely used

in hospitals and in laboratories.
1% saline solution means that there is 1
gram sodium chloride in 100 mL
solution.
Calculate the percentage
concentration if 20 grams
of sodium hydroxide are
contained in a 500 mL
solution.
 How many grams of
glucose are needed to
prepare 400 mL of a 5%
glucose solution?
A patient needs 100 grams
of glucose in 6 hours. How
many liters of 5% glucose
solution should be given?
 NOTE!!!
If concentration is expressed in
percent without specification as
%m/m, %V/V, or %m/V, it is
assumed to be percent by mass
(%m/m).
 To express the concentration
of a very dilute solutions, like
those encountered in pollution,
parts per million (ppm) is used.
 
𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑝𝑝𝑚=
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 If a 4-ppm fluoride ion in
drinking water contains 4 mg
fluoride in a 1-L solution, how
many milligrams of fluoride are
contained in a 1.25 L water
sample?
 Molality (m)
 
It is the number of moles of solute
per kilogram of solvent.
 A solution contains 68.4 g
of sucrose (C12H22O11)
dissolved in 250 g of water.
What is the molality of the
solution?
 What is the molal
concentration of 30%
ethanol solution (C2H5OH)?
 Molarity (M)
 
Is the number of moles of solute in
1 liter solution.
 If 149.1 kg of KCl is
dissolved in water to make
500 mL solution, what is
the molarity of the
solution?
 How many grams of KCl
must be dissolved in water
to make 500 mL of 0.5 M
solution?
A solution of 30% ethanol
(C2H5OH) by weight has a
density of 0.96 g/mL at 250C.
Find the:
a. Molality of solution
b. Molarity of solution