UNIVERSITY “HAXHI ZEKA”PEJE

BUSINESS FACULTY
Program:Business Management

Prepositions

Prof.ass.dr.Lindita Ademi Student;

Leonora Maxharraj

Peje,2021
 Entry

The word preposition comes from Latin: prae ("before") and Latin

: ponere ("to put"). This refers to the situation in Latin and Greek (and in 
English), where such words are placed before their complement (except
sometimes in Ancient Greek), and are hence "pre-positioned".
In some languages, including Sindhi, Urdu, Turkish, Hindi, Korean, and 
Japanese, the same kinds of words typically come after their complement.
To indicate this, they are called postpositions (using the prefix post-, from
Latin post meaning "behind, after"). There are also some cases where the
function is performed by two parts coming before and after the
complement; this is called a circumposition (from Latin circum "around").
In some languages, for example Finnish, some adpositions can be used as
both prepositions and postpositions.
 Some examples of the use of English prepositions are given below. In
each case, the prepositional phrase appears in italics, the preposition
within it appears in bold, and the preposition's complement is underlined.
As demonstrated in some of the examples, more than one prepositional
phrase may act as an adjunct to the same word.
As an adjunct to a noun:
the weather in March
cheese from France with live bacteria
As a predicative expression
The key is under the stone.
In the last of these examples the complement has the form of an adverb,
which has been nominalised to serve as a noun phrase; see 
Different forms of complement, below. Prepositional phrases themselves
are sometimes nominalized:
In the cellar was chosen as the best place to store the wine.
 In certain grammatical constructions, the complement of a preposition
may be absent or may be moved from its position directly following the
preposition. This may be referred to as preposition stranding (see also 
below), as in "Whom did you go with?" and "There's only one thing
worse than being talked about.“
Whether a language has primarily prepositions or postpositions is seen as
an aspect of its typological classification, and tends to correlate with other
properties related to head directionality.
 There is a tendency for languages that feature postpositions also to have
other head-final features, such as verbs that follow their objects; and for
languages that feature prepositions to have other head-initial features,
such as verbs that precede their objects. This is only a tendency, however;
an example of a language that behaves differently is Latin, which employs
mostly prepositions, even though it typically places verbs after their
objects.
 Marginal prepositions
Marginal prepositions are prepositions that have affinities with other word
classes, most notably verbs.Marginal prepositions behave like
prepositions but derive from other parts of speech. Some marginal
prepositions in English
include barring, concerning, considering, excluding, failing, following, in
cluding, notwithstanding, regarding, and respecting.
 Different forms of complement
The word to when it precedes the infinitive in English is not a preposition,
but rather is a grammatical particle outside of any main word class.
In other cases the complement may have the form of an adjective or 
adjective phrase, or an adverbial. This may be regarded as a complement
representing a different syntactic category, or simply as an atypical form
of noun phrase (see nominalization).
The scene went from blindingly bright to pitch black (complements are
adjective phrases)
I worked there until recently (complement is an adverb)
Come out from under the bed (complement is an adverbial)
Prepositions sometimes mark roles that may be considered largely
grammatical:
possession (in a broad sense) – the pen of my aunt (sometimes marked by 
genitive or possessive forms)
the agent in passive constructions – killed by a lone gunman
the recipient of a transfer – give it to him (sometimes marked by a dative
 or an indirect object)
 In English and many other languages, prepositional phrases with static
meaning are commonly used as predicative expressions after a copula
 ("Bob is at the store"); this may happen with some directional
prepositions as well ("Bob is from Australia"), but this is less common.
Directional prepositional phrases combine mostly with verbs that indicate
movement ("Jay is going into her bedroom", but not *"Jay is lying down
into her bedroom").
Static meanings can be divided into projective and non-projective, where
projective meanings are those whose understanding requires knowledge
of the perspective or point of view. For example, the meaning of "behind
the rock" is likely to depend on the position of the speaker (projective),
whereas the meaning of "on the desk" is not (non-projective).
 Kinds of prepositions
Though the prototypical preposition is a single word that precedes a 
noun phrase complement and expresses spatial relations, the category of
preposition includes more than this limited notion. Prepositions can be
categorized according to whether the preposition takes a complement,
what kind of complement the preposition takes, on what side of the
preposition the complement occurs, and whether the preposition consists
of one word or multiple words. A preposition that takes a complement is
called a transitive preposition, and one that does not is called
an intransitive preposition. The prototypical preposition takes a noun
phrase complement, but prepositions can also take clauses, 
adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and other prepositional phrases as
complements. A preposition that takes a clause as a complement is called
a conjunctive preposition. 
 A preposition whose complement precedes it may be called
a postposition to distinguish it from more prototypical prepositions,
whose complements follow them. Thus, in the latter categorization
method, postpositions may be considered a variety of preposition in
English.
Finally, a preposition that consists of two or more words is called
a complex preposition. It is a matter of debate as to whether these groups
of words each function as a single preposition (the complex preposition
analysis) or the initial preposition simply takes a complement that
contains another preposition.
Consider the following:
1.It is behind the car.
2.It is behind.
3.It is in front of the car.
4.It is in front of.
 Prototypical prepositions
The following are single-word prepositions that can take a noun phrase complement following the preposition.
Prepositions in this section may also take other kinds of complements in addition to noun phrase complements.
Prepositions marked with an asterisk can be used transitively or intransitively.a,aboard,about,abt,above,come,concerning,
contra.

Intransitive prepositions
The following are single-word intransitive prepositions. This portion of the list includes only prepositions that are always intransitive;
prepositions that can occur with or without noun phrase complements (that is, transitively or intransitively) are listed with the
prototypical prepositions
abroad,adrift, onward(s),outdoors,outward(s), skyward(s)

Conjunctive Prepositions
The following are single-word prepositions that take clauses as complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk in this
section can only take non-finite clauses as complements.
After,although,asonce,,provided,providing,save.
Complex prepositions
The following are prepositions that consist of multiple words. They are categorized according to their structure.
 Prepositions of Direction
To refer to a direction, use the prepositions "to," "in," "into," "on," and
"onto."
She drove to the store.
Don’t ring the doorbell. Come right in(to) the house.
Drive on(to) the grass and park the car there.

Prepositions of Time
To refer to one point in time, use the prepositions "in," "at," and "on."
Use "in" with parts of the day (not specific times), months, years, and
seasons.
He reads in the evening.
The weather is cold in December.
She was born in 1996.
We rake leaves in the fall.

Use "at" with the time of day. Also use "at" with noon, night, and
midnight.
I go to work at 8:00.
He eats lunch at noon.
 Use "on" with days.
I work on Saturdays.
He does laundry on Wednesdays.

Prepositions of Place
To refer to a place, use the prepositions "in" (the point itself), "at" (the
general vicinity), "on" (the surface), and "inside" (something contained).
They will meet in the lunchroom.
She was waiting at the corner.
He left his phone on the bed.
Place the pen inside the drawer.

Prepositions of Location
To refer to a location, use the prepositions "in" (an area or volume),
"at" (a point), and "on" (a surface).
They live in the country. (an area)
She will find him at the library. (a point)
There is a lot of dirt on the window. (a surface)
 Prepositions of Spatial Relationships
To refer to a spatial relationship, use the prepositions "above," "across,"
"against," "ahead of," "along," "among," "around," "behind," "below,"
"beneath," "beside," "between," "from," "in front of," "inside," "near,"
"off," "out of," "through," "toward," "under," and "within."
The post office is across the street from the grocery store.
We will stop at many attractions along the way.
The kids are hiding behind the tree.
His shirt is off.
Walk toward the garage and then turn left.
Place a check mark within the box.

Prepositions Following Verbs and Adjectives

Some verbs and adjectives are followed by a certain preposition.
Sometimes verbs and adjectives can be followed by different prepositions,
giving the phrase different meanings.
 Some Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
About: worry, complain, read
He worries about the future.
She complained about the homework.
I read about the flooding in the city.

Ending a Sentence With a Preposition

At one time, schools taught students that a sentence should never end with
a preposition. This rule is associated with Latin grammar, and while many
aspects of Latin have made their way into English, there are times when
following this particular grammar rule creates unclear or awkward
sentence structures
 Since the purpose of writing is to clearly communicate your ideas, it is
acceptable to end a sentence with a preposition if the alternative would
create confusion or Is too overly formal.
Example: The car had not been paid for. (Ends with a preposition but is
acceptable)

However, in academic writing, you may decide that it is worth revising

your sentences to avoid ending with a preposition in order to maintain a
more formal scholarly voice.
Example: My research will focus on the community the students lived in.
Revision: My research will focus on the community in which the students
lived.
 Prepositional Phrases and Wordiness
Like with pronouns, too many prepositional phrases can create wordiness
in a sentence:
Example: The author chose the mixed-method design to explain that the
purpose of the study was to explore the leadership qualities of the
principals in the schools as a means to gauge teacher satisfaction in the
first year of teaching.
 Prepositions of Movement
Prepositions of movement are quite easy to understand as they are less
abstract than prepositions of place and time. Essentially, they describe
how something or someone moves from one place to another. The most
commonly used preposition of movement is to, which usually serves to
highlight that there is movement towards a specific destination.

He has gone on vacation to France.

She went to the bowling alley every Friday last summer.
I will go to bed when I am tired.
They will go to the zoo if they finish their errands.
 Prepositional Phrase Examples
In addition to being connectors, prepositions can also act as information-
givers when they form prepositional phrases. An example of a
prepositional phrase is, “With a reusable tote in hand, Matthew walked to
the farmer’s market.”
There are certain prepositions that we use more often than others. They
pop up in our daily speech and writing.
For example;
According to the weather forecast
Across many deserts
After many tries
Before we start the meeting
Between a rock and a hard place
Of my boss
Out the door
Through the looking glass
Thank you for attention