PRESENTED BY

MOHAMMAD HAMAD
19-CH-46
PROCESS CALCULATION

DISTILLATION
 WHAT IS DISTILLATION?

Distillation is a process of separating the component

substances from a liquid mixture by selective vaporization
and condensation.
Distillation result in essentially complete separation (nearly
pure components).
Distillation can only be applied for two immiscible or non-
reacting solid and liquid or liquid and liquid.
 DISTILLATION PROCESS

 When a mixture AB of a
specific composition is
heated, the total vapor
pressure (composed of the
contributions of PA and PB)
will rise until it is equal to
the external vapor
pressure. The mixture will
begin to boil.
 DISTILLATION PROCESS
•Assume a two component mixture with a composition of
30%A:70%B (point W). The boiling point of this mixture is found
by drawing a vertical line from W to where it intersects the lower
curve (point X).
•A horizontal line drawn from X to where it intersects the vertical
axis (the temperature) gives the bp of composition W. From the
point (Y) where this horizontal line intersects the upper curve
(vapor) drop a vertical line to intersect the lower axis (the
composition).
•Point Z gives the composition of the vapor which is in
equilibrium with a liquid of composition W at its boiling point.
 DISTILLATION EFFICIENCY
• The efficiency of a fractional distillation is determined by the amount of
“pure” liquid components obtained. Keep in mind that if a liquid is
“pure” it will have a constant boiling point. The temperature of vapors
in equilibrium with liquid at the boiling point will be constant. A plot of
temperature vs. time for a pure liquid will look like A below.
 The efficiency of a fractional distillation can be demonstrated graphically by
plotting the change in temperature of the distillate over time (or over
volume of distillate, as in this experiment). In a fractional distillation with
low
efficiency, separation will be poor. There will be little or no “pure”
component as distillate. The composition of the distillate will be
constantly changing and the bp of the vapor in equilibrium with liquid will
be constantly changing. It will give a plot such as B
 APPLICATIONS OF DISTILLATION

The application of distillation can roughly be divided in four groups:-

 Laboratory scale
 Industrial scale
 Herbal distillate
 Food processing
 The latter two are distinctively different from the former two in that in the
processing of beverages.
 The distillation is not used as a true purification method but more to
transfer all volatiles from the source materials to the distillate.
 EXAMPLES OF DISTILLATION

 Salt water is turned into fresh water through distillation.

 Various forms of fuel, such as gasoline, are separated from crude oil
by distillation.

 Alcoholic beverages are made through distillation.

 The alcohol is boiled off from the rest of the mixture and collected in a
concentrated format.
THANK
YOU