MANAGING

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION

CHAPTER 2

COMPUTER SYSTEMS
E. Wainright Martin  Carol V. Brown  Daniel W. DeHayes
Jeffrey A. Hoffer  William C. Perkins
 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Underlying Structure

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Figure 2.4 Logical Structure of Digital Computers Page 28
 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

Terminal
 Simpler than a PC
 Designed strictly for input and output
 Has keyboard and screen
 Does not have a processor
 Connected to computer with
telecommunication line
 Allows user to key data directly into computer

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

Terminal
 Special types:
Point-of-sale (retail)
ATMs (banking)

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output
 Common input methods:
 Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) –
used to process bank checks
 Optical character recognition (OCR) – directly
scans typed, printed, or handwritten material
 Imaging – inputs digital form of documents and
photos
 Bar code labeling – scans bar codes on
packages or products, and reads into computer

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

 Common output methods:

 Print – output to paper using various types of
printers
 Computer output microfilm (COM) – microfilm
generated for archive copies in small space
 Voice response units – computer recognizes
input, generates verbal response messages

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

…
t e rest
n
Of i
Multimedia –
relatively new term for computer input and output
in the form of text, graphics, sound, still images,
animations, and/or video

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Memory

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 2 - 9

 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Memory

Memory
 All data flows to and from memory
 Divided into cells:
Each has a unique address
Memory cell types:
 Byte – stores one character of data
 Word – stores two or more characters of data

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Bits and Coding Schemes

 Each memory cell is a set of circuits

 Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0)
 Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit)
 Most computers – 8 bits (circuits) represents a
character (byte)
 2 common bit coding schemes used today:
 ASCII
 EBCDIC

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Arithmetic/Logical Unit

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Files

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Control Unit

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Control Unit

 Controls computer to take advantage of

speed and capacity of other components
 Directed by list of operations (program)
that tells control unit what to do
 Uses the stored-program concept

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 THE STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT

 Program – list of what computer needs to

do for an application
 Instruction – each individual step or
operation in a program
 Control unit – carries out one step or
instruction at a time at electronic speed

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 THE STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT
Note: One of the primary measures of
power of computers is the number of
instructions it can execute in a given
period
MIPS – millions of instructions per second
executed by the control unit

MFLOPS – millions of floating point operations per

second

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 EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC
MODEL
Communications within
Terminals
the Computer System

Magnetic
Tape Units

Magnetic
Disk Units

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Figure 2.9 Data Channels and Controllers Page 40
 EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC
MODEL
Cache Memory
 High-speed storage to
temporarily hold data from
main memory waiting to be
processed
 Entire blocks of data moved
at one time into cache
 Enables CPU to execute
much faster
 Also incorporated into
DASD controllers

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Figure 2.10 Cache Memory Page 40
 EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC
MODEL
Multiple Processor Configurations

 Multiprocessor
 Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP)
 Vector facility
 Parallel processor (PP)
 Massively parallel processor (MPP)

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 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Microcomputers
Cost in $ MFLOPS Major Vendors Primary Uses

200-3,000 20-400 IBM, Dell, Personal computing

Hewlett-Packard, Client in client/server
Gateway, applications
Fujitsu, Toshiba
Web client
Small business
processing

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 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Workstation/Midrange Systems
Cost in $ MFLOPS Major Vendors Primary Uses

3,000-1,000,000 40-4,000 IBM, Dell, Departmental

Hewlett-Packard, computing
Gateway, NEC, Specific applications
NCR, Fujitsu, (office automation,
Toshiba, Sun CAD, other graphics)
Microsystems
Midsized business
general processing
Server in client/server
applications
Web server, file
server, LAN server

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 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Mainframe Computers
Cost in $ MFLOPS Major Vendors Primary Uses

1,000,000 200 IBM, Fujitsu, Large business

-20,000,000 -8,000 Groupe Bull, general processing
Unisys
Server in client/server
applications
Large Web server
Widest range of
applications

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 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Supercomputers
Cost in $ MFLOPS Major Vendors Primary Uses

1,000,000 4,000 IBM, Hewlett- Numerically intensive

-100,000,000 -100,000,00 Packard, Dell, scientific calculations
0 Hitachi, Cray, Very large Web
NEC server

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