HYDRAULICS AND IRRIGATION

ENGINEERING (Lab Part)

(Lecture#1)
PRESENTED BY:
Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq
naveedishaq38@yahoo.com

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 1
 EXPERIMENT # 01
TO DETERMINE MANNING’S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT ‘N’ AND CHEZY’S
COEFFICIENT ‘C’ IN A LABORATORY FLUME

OBJECTIVES:
 Physical measurement of n & c.
 To study the variation of n & c as a function of discharge in the flume.
 To investigate the relationship between n & c.

APPARATUS:
 (S-6) glass sided tilting Flume Apparatus
 Point gauge

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 2
 RELATED THEORY

 FLUME:
Laboratory Open channel supported above the ground / elevated open channel.
 
 TYPES OF FLUME:
According to shape, Flume may have following types.
o Rectangular Flume 
o Trapezoidal Flume
o U Flume 
o Parshall Flume Same shape like
venturi-meter

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 3
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

 S6 (GLASS SIDED) TILTING FLUME APPARATUS:

o A glass sided tilting flume apparatus is fabricated with stainless steel
with manometric flow arrangement and slope adjusting scale which use in
laboratory to perform the various experiments. It is a function of the shape of the
pipe, channel, or river in which the water is flowing. A working cross-section of
300mm wide by 450 mm deep with working lengths of 5m, 7.5, 10m and 15m.

 POINT GAUGE:
o It is used to measure the depth of flowing flow in tilting flume at different points
of section.

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 4
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

FLOW

Wrt Time Wrt Space Wrt Desnity

Steady Flow Unsteady Flow Uniform Flow Non-Uniform Flow Compressible Incompressible
Flow Flow

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 5
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

 Steady Uniform Flow:

Conditions do not change with position or with time in the stream. An example is the
flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity.

 Steady Non Uniform Flow:

Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not change with time. An
example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant velocity at the inlet – velocity will
change as you move along the length of the pipe towards the exit.

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 6
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

 UN STEADY UNIFORM FLOW:

At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the same, but will
change with time. An example is a pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump
pumping at a constant rate which is then switched off.
 
 UNSTEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW:
Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and with time at
every point. For example waves in a channel.

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

 Manning’s Roughness Formula:

The Manning formula states that:
2 1
1
Q  AR S 3 2
n
WHERE,
Q is the flow [L3/T]
A is the cross-sectional area [L2]
n is the Manning coefficient (also called as resistance to flow).
R is the hydraulic radius [L]
S is the slope of the water surface or the linear hydraulic head loss

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 8
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

 HYDRAULICS RADIUS:
The hydraulic radius is a measure of channel flow efficiency
A
Rh 
WHERE,
 
P
Rh is the hydraulic radius [L]
A is the cross sectional area of flow = (A= B*y). [L2]
P is Wetted perimeter = B+2y. [L]

 The greater the hydraulic radius, the greater the efficiency of the channel.

Search and write reasons

 The hydraulic radius is greater for the deeper channels.
in comments part of your
manual
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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

 CHEZY’S FORMULA:
The Chezy’s formula states that
Q  AC RS
 FLOW RATE (DISCHARGE):
 
It is the amount of water in m3 passing in one second from a point.
  Torricelli’s Theorem
Q  kA 2 gh V  2 gh
Where,
 
K = roughness coefficient and here its value is 1.2
∆h = h1 – h2 [L]
h1 = head of water in one limb of the pressure tube. (It’s a greater value). [L]
h2 =head of water in other limb of the pressure tube. (It’s a lesser value). [L]
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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 10
 RELATED THEORY (Contd)..

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ‘n’ & ‘c’

HOW?
 
1
R 6
C
n

11
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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering 11
 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Flume width = B = ----------- m Value of k to find the Q = 1.2

Rise of water Average Depth of Wetted Area Hydrauli  

in tubes and flow Perimeter of c mean Flow rate Chezy’s
Manning’s
their Y= (Y1+Y2+Y3)/3   flow Radius (m3/sec) Velocity Constant
Channel Constant
difference (m) (m)  (m2)  (m)  
Sr bed
(m)      
# slope
(S)       1
A 2 1  R 6
h1 h2 ∆h Y1 Y2 Y3 Y P  B  2Y A  B.Y Rh  Q  kA 2 gh V  Q A n  A .R 3 .S 2
Q C
      P n

1                            

2                            

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Engr. Muhammad Naveed Ishaq Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering
 GRAPHS

1) Graph between n and Q

2) Graph between Q and c
3) Graph between n and V
4) Graph between V and c
5) Graph between n and C

Note:
Use proper scale
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