Written Work # 2

Y P(Y) Y.P(Y) Y-µ (Y-µ)² (Y-µ)².P(Y)

1 0.25 0.25 -2.15 4.6225 1.155625
2 0.10 0.20 -1.15 1.3225 0.13225
3 0.15 0.45 -0.15 0.0225 0.003375
4 0.25 1.00 0.85 0.7225 0.180625
5 0.25 1.25 1.85 3.4225 0.855625
µ 3.15 ơ² 2.3275
ơ 1.53
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Performance Task # 2

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Performance Task # 2

X P(X) X.P(X) X-µ (X-µ)² (X-µ)².P(X)

3 0.135 0.405 -2.675 7.155625 0.966009375
4 0.235 0.940 -1.675 2.805625 0.659321875
5 0.395 1.975 -0.675 0.455625 0.179971875
6 0.235 1.410 0.325 0.105625 0.024821875
7 0.135 0.945 1.325 1.755625 0.237009375
µ 5.675 ơ² 2.067134375
ơ 1.437753239
or 1.44

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Performance Task # 2

X P(X) X.P(X) X-µ (X-µ)² (X-µ)².P(X)

3 0.135 0.405 -2.675 7.1556 0.9660
4 0.235 0.940 -1.675 2.8056 0.6593
5 0.395 1.975 -0.675 0.4556 0.1800
6 0.235 1.410 0.325 0.1056 0.0248
7 0.135 0.945 1.325 1.7556 0.2370
µ 5.675 ơ² 2.0671
ơ 1.44

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Probability-Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat
Statistics - Ronald A. Fisher-His ashes lie in St.
Peter's Cathedral. Memorial ID, 68302139
 PROBLEMS INVOLVING MEAN AND
VARIANCE OF PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
interprets the mean and the variance of a
discrete random variable.
solves problems involving mean and
variance of probability distributions
“ The mean or expected value of the probability distribution
informs us the value of the random variable that we expect to get if
the experiment is repeated many times. This signifies that if the
experiment is repeated long enough, there is a chance that the
average of the outcomes will begin to approach the mean.
“ The standard deviation of a probability distribution indicates
how far, on the average, is an observed value of a random
variable from its mean. The lower the standard deviation, the
greater the likelihood that the random variable's observed value
will be close to its mean. It is more comprehensible than the
variance of a probability distribution since it is in the same
units as the random variable. For example, if X is a random
variable representing the number of heads in three tosses of a
fair coin, then the units for standard deviation is “heads,” while
the variance is in square heads.
“ Having small standard deviation (and variance)
implies that the distribution of the random variable is
quite concentrated around the mean while having a
large standard deviation (and variance) implies that the
distribution is rather spread out, with some chance of
observing values at some distance from the mean.
 Example 1. The following data show the probability distribution of the number of
computers sold in a mall during the past several months.

Questions:
a. What is the probability that on a given day –
▪ fewer than three computers will be sold?

Solution: To find the probabilities that fewer than three computers will be sold, use X = 2, 1, and 0.
P (X < 3) = P (2) + P (1) + P (0)
P (X < 3) = 0.40 + 0.15 + 0.10
P (X < 3) = 0.65 or 65%
The probability that fewer than three computers will be sold on a given day is 0.65 or 65%.

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 Example 1. The following data show the probability distribution of the number of
computers sold in a mall during the past several months.

Questions:
b. What is the probability that on a given day –
▪ at most, four computers will be sold?

Solution: To find the probabilities that, at most, four computers will be sold, use X = 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0.
P (X ≤ 4) = P (4) + P (3) + P (2) + P (1) + P (0)
P (X ≤ 4) = 0.10 + 0.20 + 0.40 + 0.15 + 0.10
P (X ≤ 4) = 0.95 or 95%
The probability that, at most, four computers will be sold on a given day is 0.95 or 95%.

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 Example 1. The following data show the probability distribution of the number of
computers sold in a mall during the past several months.

Questions:
c. What is the probability that on a given day –
▪ at least, two computers will be sold?

Solution: To find the probabilities that, at least, two computers will be sold, use X = 2, 3, 4, and 5.
P(X ≥ 2) = P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5)
P(X ≥ 2) = 0.40 + 0.20 + 0.10 + 0.05
P(X ≥ 2) = 0.75 or 75%
The probability that, at least, two computers will be sold on a given day is 0.75 or 75%.

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 Example 1. The following data show the probability distribution of the number of
computers sold in a mall during the past several months.

Questions:
d. What is the probability that on a given day –
▪ exactly three computers will be sold?

Solution: To find the probabilities that exactly three computers will be sold, use X = 3.
P(X = 3) = P(3)
P(X = 3) = 0.20 or 20%
The probability that exactly three computers will be sold is 0.20 or 20%.

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 What is the mean of the probability distribution?

Solution:
μ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
μ = 2.2
The mean of the probability distribution is 2.20. This implies that in the long run, we expect that the
number of computers sold on a given day will be 2.2.

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 What is the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution?

Solution:
 
ơ²=

𝝈=√𝟏.𝟓𝟔𝟎
σ = 1.249
The standard deviation of the probability distribution is 1.249. This implies that on the average, the
number of computers sold is 1.249 units from the mean 2.20.

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 What is the histogram of the probability distribution?

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 Example 2. In a supermarket, the number of tellers (X) busy with the customers at 1:00 pm varies
from day to day. Past records indicate that the probability distribution of X is as shown below.

Questions:
A. What is the probability that exactly five tellers are busy at 1:00 pm?

Solution: To find the probability that exactly five tellers are busy at 1 pm, use X = 5.
P(X = 5) = P(5)
P(X = 5) = 0.262 or 26.2%
The probability that exactly five tellers are busy at 1:00 pm is 0.262 or 26.2%.

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 Example 2. In a supermarket, the number of tellers (X) busy with the customers at 1:00 pm varies
from day to day. Past records indicate that the probability distribution of X is as shown below.

Questions:
b. What is the probability that, at least, three tellers are busy at 1:00 pm?

Solution: To find the probability that, at least, three tellers are busy at 1:00 pm, use X = 3, 4, 5, and 6.
P(X ≥ 3) = P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6)
P(X ≥ 3) = 0.150 + 0.217 + 0.262 + 0.215
P(X ≥ 3) = 0.844 or 84.4%
The probability that, at least, three tellers are busy at 1:00 pm is 0.844 or 84.4%.

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 Example 2. In a supermarket, the number of tellers (X) busy with the customers at 1:00 pm varies
from day to day. Past records indicate that the probability distribution of X is as shown below.

Questions:
C. What is the probability that fewer than six tellers are busy at 1:00 pm?

Solution: To find the probability that fewer than six tellers are busy at 1:00 pm, use X = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,
and 0.
P(X < 6) = P(5) + P(4) + P(3) + P(2) + P(1) + P(0)
P(X < 6) = 0.262 + 0.217 + 0.150 + 0.078 + 0.048 + 0.030
P(X < 6) = 0.785 or 78.5%
The probability that fewer than six tellers are busy at 1:00 pm is 0.785 or 78.5%.

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 Example 2. In a supermarket, the number of tellers (X) busy with the customers at 1:00 pm varies
from day to day. Past records indicate that the probability distribution of X is as shown below.

Questions:
D. What is the mean of the probability distribution?

μ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
μ = 4.122
This implies that in the long run, we expect that the number of tellers busy at 1:00 pm will be 4.122.

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 Example 2. In a supermarket, the number of tellers (X) busy with the customers at 1:00 pm varies
from day to day. Past records indicate that the probability distribution of X is as shown below.

Questions:
E. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?

𝜎=√𝛴(𝑋−𝜇)2  𝑃(𝑋) 𝝈=√𝟐.𝟒𝟖𝟏

σ = 1.575
This implies that on the average, the number of tellers busy at 1:00 pm is 1.575 units from the mean
2.481.

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 Example 2. In a supermarket, the number of tellers (X) busy with the customers at 1:00 pm varies
from day to day. Past records indicate that the probability distribution of X is as shown below.

Questions:
F. What is the histogram of the probability distribution?

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 Example 3. In a raffle conducted to benefit a local charity, 1 500 tickets are to be sold at Php 20.
The cash prize is Php 10 000. If you purchase three tickets, what is your expected gain?

Solution:
Your gain x may take one of two values. You will either lose Php 60 (three tickets) or win Php 9 940 (less
the expenses of your tickets). The probability distribution for the gain X is shown below.

The expected gain is

μ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
μ = – 40
This signifies that your average or expected gain per raffle if it is done repeatedly would be a loss of
23 Php 40.
 Normal Distribution

illustrates a normal random variable and

its characteristics.
Definition
• It is defined as a continuous
frequency distribution of infinite
range.

• The normal distribution is a

descriptive model that describes real
world situations.
Importance
• Many dependent variables are
commonly assumed to be normally
distributed in the population
• If a variable is approximately normally
distributed we can make inferences
about values of that variable
Characteristics of a Normal Distribution
 The normal curve is bell-shaped and has a
single peak at the exact center of the
distribution.

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Characteristics of a Normal Distribution
 The arithmetic mean, median, and mode of the distribution are
equal and located at the peak.

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Characteristics of a Normal Distribution
 Half the area under the curve is above the peak, and the
other half is below it.

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Characteristics of a Normal Distribution
 The normal distribution is
symmetrical about its
mean.
 The normal distribution is
asymptotic - the curve gets
closer and closer to the x-axis
but never actually touches
it.

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Empirical Rule:

68% of
the data

95% of the data

99.7% of the data

The Normal Distribution:
as mathematical function (pdf)
• Mathematical Formula
1 x  2
1  (
2  )
f (x) 
  e
Note constants: 2 This is a bell shaped
=3.14159 curve with different
centers and spreads
e=2.71828 depending on  and 
Properties of a Normal
Distribution
Inflection point Inflection point

x
• As the curve extends farther and farther away from the
mean, it gets closer and closer to the x-axis but never
touches it.
•The points at which the curvature changes are called
inflection points. The graph curves downward between the
inflection points and curves upward past the inflection
points to the left and to the right.
Means and Standard
Deviations
Curves with different means, same standard deviation

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Curves with different means, different standard deviations

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
QUESTIONS?
QUIZ # 1
A. Problem Solving
Solve and interpret the problem below.
The probabilities that a health inspector will discover violations of the public health code in a public place
are shown below.

a. What is the probability that the health inspector will discover, at least, three violations of the public health code?
b. What is the probability that the health inspector will discover, at most, three violations of the public health code?
c. What is the probability that the health inspector will discover at least three, but fewer than five violations of the
public health code?
d. What is the mean of the probability distribution? And what does it imply?
e. What are the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution? What do these measures mean?
QUIZ#1
B. Take the Challenge!
A frequency distribution of the number of bicycles sold per day at Anna’s bike shop during the past 500
days is shown below.

a. Construct the probability distribution of the random variable X.

b. What is the expected number of bicycles that will be sold at a given day? Explain the meaning of this value.
c. What is the standard deviation of the number of bicycles that will be sold at a given day? Explain the results.
d. What is the histogram of the probability distribution?