A cross-sectional view of a typical cell nucleus.

The nuclear envelope consists of

two membranes, the outer one being continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
membrane. The lipid bilayers of the inner and outer nuclear membranes are
connected at each nuclear pore. Two networks of intermediate filaments (green)
provide mechanical support for the nuclear envelope; the intermediate filaments
inside the nucleus form a special supporting structure called the nuclear lamina.
Complejo del poro nuclear
Nucleolo

• No esta rodeado de
membrana,
• Se organizaen las regiones
cromosomicas que
contienen genes para
ARNr,
• Sitio donde ocurre la
trascripción y
procesamiento del ARNr,
asi como el ensamblaje de
las subunidades
ribosomicas.
Chromatin packing.
This model shows some
of the many levels of
chromatin packing
postulated to give rise to
the highly condensed
mitotic chromosome
Structural organization of the
nucleosome. A nucleosome
contains a protein core made of
eight histone molecules. After
dissociation of the isolated
nucleosome into its protein core
and DNA, the length of the DNA
that was wound around the core
can be determined. This length
of 146 nucleotide pairs is
sufficient to wrap 1.65 times
around the histone core.
Nucleosomes as seen in the electron microscope. (A) Chromatin isolated
directly from an interphase nucleus appears in the electron microscope as a
thread 30 nm thick. (B) This electron micrograph shows a length of
chromatin that has been experimentally unpacked, or decondensed, after
isolation to show the nucleosomes. (A, courtesy of Barbara Hamkalo; B,
courtesy of Victoria Foe.)
The assembly of a
histone octamer. The
histone H3  H4 dimer
and the H2A-H2B dimer
are formed from the
handshake interaction.
An H3-H4 tetramer
forms the scaffold of the
octamer onto which two
H2A-H2B dimers are
added, to complete the
assembly. Note that all
eight N-terminal tails of
the histones protrude
from the disc-shaped
core structure.
Histone tails in the formation of the 30-nm fiber. (A) The
approximate exit points of the eight histone tails, four from each histone
subunit, that extend from each nucleosome. (B) A speculative model
showing how the histone tails may help to pack nucleosomes together
into the 30-nm fiber.
The 30-nm chromatin fiber. (A and
B) Electron microscopic evidence
Covalent modification of core histone tails.
A model for the structure of an interphase chromosome. A section of an interphase
chromosome is shown folded into a series of looped domains, each containing 20,000
 100,000 nucleotide pairs of double-helical DNA condensed into a 30-nm fiber.When
the cell requires direct access to the DNA packaged in these loops, decondensation is
brought about by enzymes that directly modify chromatin structure   as well as by
proteins, such as RNA polymerase, that act directly on the underlying DNA. It is not
understood how the folded 30-nm fiber is anchored to the chromosome axis, but
evidence suggests that the base of chromosomal loops is rich in DNA topoisomerases,
which are enzymes that allow DNA to swivel when anchored.
The three DNA sequences required to produce a eucaryotic chromosome that can
be replicated and then segregated at mitosis. Each chromosome has multiple origins
of replication, one centromere, and two telomeres. Shown here is the sequence of
events a typical chromosome follows during the cell cycle. The DNA replicates in
interphase beginning at the origins of replication and proceeding bidirectionally from
the origins across the chromosome.
DNA as a template for its own duplication. As the
nucleotide A successfully pairs only with T, and G
with C, each strand of DNA can specify the
sequence of nucleotides in its complementary strand.
In this way, double-helical DNA can be copied
precisely.
Mitotic chromosome. (B) A scanning
electron micrograph of a mitotic
chromosome: a condensed duplicated
chromosome in which the two new
chromosomes are still linked together. The
constricted region indicates the position of
the centromere. (A, courtesy of Victoria
Foe; B, courtesy of Terry D. Allen.)
Human chromosomes. Each chromosome has been "painted" a different
color to permit its unambiguous identification under the light microscope.
Chromosome painting is performed by exposing the chromosomes to a
collection of human DNA molecules that have been coupled to a combination
of fluorescent dyes.
Complejos de Ciclinas/Cdk´s

A simplified view of the core of

the cell-cycle control system.
Cdk associates successively with
different cyclins to trigger the
different events of the cycle. Cdk
activity is usually terminated by
cyclin degradation. For simplicity,
only the cyclins that act in S
phase (S-cyclin) and M phase (M-
cyclin) are shown, and they
interact with a single Cdk; as
indicated, the resulting cyclin-
Cdk complexes are referred to as
S-Cdk and M-Cdk, respectively.