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The Appendix
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What Is Accounting?
Introduction to
Accounting
The Accounting Concept
Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting > What Is Accounting?
What Is Accounting?
• Defining Accounting
• Inputs to Accounting
• Outputs of Accounting
• Uses of Financial Reports
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Introduction to Accounting > The Accounting Concept
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Introduction to Accounting > Overview of Key Elements of the Business
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Introduction to Accounting > Conveying Accounting Information
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Introduction to Accounting > Conventions and Standards
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Appendix
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Introduction to Accounting
Key terms
• accelerated filer an issuer that has a public float of at least $75 million, has been subject to the Exchange Act's reporting
requirements for at least 12 calendar months, has previously filed at least one annual report, and is not eligible to file its
quarterly and annual reports on Forms 10-QSB and 10-KSB
• accrual A charge incurred in one accounting period that has not been paid by the end of it.
• asset Items of ownership convertible into cash; total resources of a person or business, as cash, notes and accounts
receivable; securities and accounts receivable, securities, inventories, goodwill, fixtures, machinery, or real estate (as opposed
to liabilities).
• Assets Any property or object of value that one possesses, usually considered as applicable to the payment of one's debts.
• auditor One who audits bookkeeping accounts.
• auditor A person who audits (reviews and examines) bookkeeping accounts
• bookkeeper A person responsible for keeping records or documents, such as of a business.
• bookkeeping The skill or practice of keeping books or systematic records of financial transactions, e.g., income and expenses.
• classified balance sheet a summary of a company's assets, liabilities, and equity
• commodity Anything which has both a use value and an exchange value.
• consistency reliability or uniformity; the quality of being consistent
• contingent An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something
future; a contingency.
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
• going concern assumption the business is going to be operated for non-predefined period
• International Accounting Standards Board an independent, accounting standard-setting body
• journal a book or computer file in which monetary transactions are entered the first time they are processed
• journal entry A journal entry, in accounting, is a logging of transactions into accounting journal items. The journal entry can
consist of several items, each of which is either a debit or a credit. The total of the debits must equal the total of the credits or
the journal entry is said to be "unbalanced. " Journal entries can record unique items or recurring items, such as depreciation
or bond amortization.
• ledger A collection of accounting entries consisting of credits and debits.
• liabilities An amount of money in a company that is owed to someone and has to be paid in the future, such as tax, debt,
interest, and mortgage payments.
• liabilities An amount of money in a company that is owed to someone and has to be paid in the future, such as tax, debt,
interest, and mortgage payments.
• materiality Materiality is a concept or convention within auditing and accounting relating to the importance/significance of an
amount, transaction, or discrepancy. The assessment of what is material is a matter of professional judgment.
• mismatch Something that does not match; something dissimilar, inappropriate or unsuitable.
• non-current asset Another term for fixed asset; term used in accounting for assets and property which cannot easily be
converted into cash.
• operating activities the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in, excluding costs associated with
long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities
• partnership an association of two or more people to conduct a business
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Introduction to Accounting
• profit Total income or cash flow minus expenditures. The money or other benefit a non-governmental organization or individual
receives in exchange for products and services sold at an advertised price.
• profitability The capacity to make a profit.
• recognition In accounting recognition is the act of including a transaction of a financial statement-either the income statement
or the balance sheet.
• reliable Suitable or fit to be relied on; worthy of dependence or reliance; trustworthy.
• retained earnings Retained earnings are the portion of net income that is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to
its owners as dividends.
• retained earnings restrictions limits on how a company may allocate net income not paid out as dividends
• retained earnings statement a financial statement that breaks down changes in the owners' interest in the organization, and in
the application of retained profit or surplus from one accounting period to the next
• revenue Income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to
customers.
• revenue Income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to
customers.
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) An act passed by U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent
accounting activities by corporations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) mandated strict reforms to improve financial disclosures
from corporations and prevent accounting fraud. SOX was enacted in response to the accounting scandals in the early 2000s.
Scandals such as Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom shook investor confidence in financial statements and required an overhaul of
regulatory standards.
• Securities and Exchange Commission an agency responsible for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the
securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States.
• solvency The state of having enough funds or liquid assets to pay all of one's debts; the state of being solvent.
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Introduction to Accounting
• solvency ratio the size of a company's capital relative to net premium written
• statement of cash flows a financial document that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and
cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis down to operating, investing, and financing activities
• unqualified Not elaborated upon, undescribed.
• write-off The cancellation of an item; the amount cancelled or lost.
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Introduction to Accounting
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Wikimedia. "Revenues and expenses." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Revenues_and_expenses.png View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
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Wikipedia. "Emerging Markets." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_Markets View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
Auditing Firm
Auditing firm office building in San Francisco.
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Introduction to Accounting
Current Issues
Accountants must stay up to date with current issues in reporting and disclosure.
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Wikipedia. "File:Newspaper.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Newspaper.svg&page=1
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Introduction to Accounting
Financial Statements
The financials statements show a company's profitability.
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
GE Financial Statement
Notes on the financial statements convey specific information about the line-items on the statement.
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http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting. "Investor Relations | GE.com." Public domain http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
Bookkeeping
Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions, includng sales, purchases, income, receipts and payments by an individual or organization.
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Creative Commons. "Creative Commons — Attribution 2.0 Generic — CC BY 2.0." CC BY http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
Journals to Ledgers
The general ledger works as a central repository for accounting data transferred from all sub-ledgers or modules like accounts payable, accounts
receivable, cash management, fixed assets, purchasing, and projects.
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Introduction to Accounting
Business activities
Business activities include operating, investing and financing activities.
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Wikipedia. "Cash flow statement." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow_statement%23Financing_activities View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
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Flickr. "All sizes | Analyzing Financial Data | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/davedugdale/5099605109/sizes/l/ View on Boundless.com
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Wikimedia Foundation. "File:Defense.gov photo essay 090204-N-1509W-174.jpg - Wikimedia Foundation." Public domain
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
The Globe
IFRS is Global
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Wikimedia Foundation. "File:Globe.svg - Wikimedia Foundation." Public domain http://wikimediafoundation.org/w/index.php?title=File:Globe.svg&page=1
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Introduction to Accounting
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Wikimedia. "Standard ethics logo.TIF." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_ethics_logo.TIF View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
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http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting. "Investor Relations | GE.com." Public domain http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
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Accounting News. "statements:cash_flow_statement [Accounting News]." CC BY-SA http://accountingnews.org/doku.php?id=statements:cash_flow_statement
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
Project Managers
Gary Roughead talks with project managers while touring Pacific Beacon.
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Wikipedia. "US Navy 080111-N-8273J-033 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Adm.Gary Roughead talks with project managers while touring Pacific Beacon, the
Navy's first large-scale housing privatization facility for single Sailors." Public domain
Introduction to Accounting
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Wikipedia. "Trigger mechanism bf 1923." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trigger_mechanism_bf_1923.jpg View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
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Wikimedia. "US-SecuritiesAndExchangeCommission-Seal." Public domain
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Introduction to Accounting
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Wikipedia. "Accounting." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
Role of accounting
Accounting helps direct and control operating activities.
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Pixabay. "Accounting, Bill, Billing, Finance - Free image - 57284." CC BY-SA http://pixabay.com/en/accounting-bill-billing-finance-57284/ View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
Stakeholders
The picture shows the typical stakeholders of a company. The stakeholders are divided in internal and external stakeholders.
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Introduction to Accounting
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Wikipedia. "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission
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Introduction to Accounting
AICPA Offices
The offices of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) at Palladian Office Park (220 Leigh Farm Road) in Durham, North Carolina.
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Introduction to Accounting
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Wikipedia. "MCCF v2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MCCF_v2.jpg View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wiktionary. "contingent." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contingent
• Wiktionary. "disclosure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disclosure
• Wikipedia. "Notes to financial statements." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_to_financial_statements
• Wikipedia. "International Accounting Standards Board." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Accounting_Standards_Board
• Wiktionary. "liabilities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liabilities
• Wikipedia. "Assets." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assets
• Wikipedia. "Financial accountancy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accountancy
• Wikipedia. "GAAP." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAAP
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
q=cache:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards. "International Financial Reporting
Standards." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Stand
ards
• Wikipedia. "Securities and Exchange Commission." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
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• Wikipedia. "Committee on accounting procedure." CC BY-SA 3.0
Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
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