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What Is Accounting?
Introduction to
Accounting
The Accounting Concept

Overview of Key Elements of the Business

Conveying Accounting Information

Conventions and Standards

Introduction to Accounting

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Introduction to Accounting > What Is Accounting?

What Is Accounting?
• Defining Accounting
• Inputs to Accounting
• Outputs of Accounting
• Uses of Financial Reports

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Introduction to Accounting > The Accounting Concept

The Accounting Concept


• Reasons for a Conceptual Framework
• Objectives of Accounting
• Fundamental Concepts in Accounting
• Importance of Recognition and Measurement

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Introduction to Accounting > Overview of Key Elements of the Business

Overview of Key Elements of the Business


• Business Stakeholders: Internal and External
• Activities of the Business: Financing, Investing, and Operating
• The Role of Accounting in the Business
• Ethical Considerations

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Introduction to Accounting > Conveying Accounting Information

Conveying Accounting Information


• Introduction to the Balance Sheet
• Introduction to the Income Statement
• Introduction to the Retained Earning Statement
• Introduction to the Statement of Cash Flows
• Relationships Between Statements
• Financial Statement Notes
• Additional Items: Auditor and Management Reports

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Introduction to Accounting > Conventions and Standards

Conventions and Standards


• Standard-Setting Groups: SEC, AICPA, and FASB
• Introduction to GAAP
• Introduction to IFRS
• Differences Between GAAP and IFRS and Implications of Potential
Convergence
• Full-Disclosure Principle
• The Disclosure Process
• Events Triggering Disclosure
• Current Issues in Reporting and Disclosure

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Appendix
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Introduction to Accounting

Key terms
• accelerated filer an issuer that has a public float of at least $75 million, has been subject to the Exchange Act's reporting
requirements for at least 12 calendar months, has previously filed at least one annual report, and is not eligible to file its
quarterly and annual reports on Forms 10-QSB and 10-KSB
• accrual A charge incurred in one accounting period that has not been paid by the end of it.
• asset Items of ownership convertible into cash; total resources of a person or business, as cash, notes and accounts
receivable; securities and accounts receivable, securities, inventories, goodwill, fixtures, machinery, or real estate (as opposed
to liabilities).
• Assets Any property or object of value that one possesses, usually considered as applicable to the payment of one's debts.
• auditor One who audits bookkeeping accounts.
• auditor A person who audits (reviews and examines) bookkeeping accounts
• bookkeeper A person responsible for keeping records or documents, such as of a business.
• bookkeeping The skill or practice of keeping books or systematic records of financial transactions, e.g., income and expenses.
• classified balance sheet a summary of a company's assets, liabilities, and equity
• commodity Anything which has both a use value and an exchange value.
• consistency reliability or uniformity; the quality of being consistent
• contingent An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something
future; a contingency.

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Introduction to Accounting

• convergence The act of moving toward union or uniformity.


• corporate stakeholder A corporate stakeholder is that which can affect or be affected by the actions of the business as a
whole.
• creditworthiness The property of being creditworthy, when a person is deemed likely to repay debts and / or has an acceptable
credit rating
• debenture A certificate that certifies an amount of money owed to someone; a certificate of indebtedness.
• deflation An economic contraction.
• disclosure The act of revealing something.
• disclosure In accounting the transaction is not included on the financial statements but reported in the notes to the financial
statement.
• disclosure The act of revealing something.
• earnings Business profits.
• earnings Business profits.
• entity That which has a distinct existence as an individual unit. Often used for organisations which have no physical form.
• equity Ownership, especially in terms of net monetary value of some business.

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Introduction to Accounting

• equity Ownership interest in a company, as determined by subtracting liabilities from assets.


• expense In accounting, an expense is money spent or costs incurred in an businesses efforts to generate revenue
• fair value Fair value, also called "fair price" (in a commonplace conflation of the two distinct concepts) is a concept used in
accounting and economics, defined as a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential market price of a good, service, or
asset.
• FASB The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a private, not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose is to
developgenerally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) within the United States in the public's interest.
• FASB The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a private, not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose is to
developgenerally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) within the United States in the public's interest.
• fiduciary responsibility A fiduciary is a legal or ethical relationship of trust between two or more parties.
• financial accounting Furnishes information to individuals and groups both inside and outside an organization to help them
assess the firm’s financial history and performance.
• Form 10-K an annual report required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that gives a comprehensive
summary of a company's performance
• framework A basic conceptual structure.
• full disclosure principle amount and kinds of information disclosed should be decided based on trade-off analysis, and
information disclosed should be enough to make a judgment while keeping costs reasonable
• fundamental A leading or primary principle, rule, law, or article, which serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part, as,
the fundamentals of linear algebra.
• generally accepted accounting principles US rules used to prepare, present and report financial statements

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Introduction to Accounting

• going concern assumption the business is going to be operated for non-predefined period
• International Accounting Standards Board an independent, accounting standard-setting body
• journal a book or computer file in which monetary transactions are entered the first time they are processed
• journal entry A journal entry, in accounting, is a logging of transactions into accounting journal items. The journal entry can
consist of several items, each of which is either a debit or a credit. The total of the debits must equal the total of the credits or
the journal entry is said to be "unbalanced. " Journal entries can record unique items or recurring items, such as depreciation
or bond amortization.
• ledger A collection of accounting entries consisting of credits and debits.
• liabilities An amount of money in a company that is owed to someone and has to be paid in the future, such as tax, debt,
interest, and mortgage payments.
• liabilities An amount of money in a company that is owed to someone and has to be paid in the future, such as tax, debt,
interest, and mortgage payments.
• materiality Materiality is a concept or convention within auditing and accounting relating to the importance/significance of an
amount, transaction, or discrepancy. The assessment of what is material is a matter of professional judgment.
• mismatch Something that does not match; something dissimilar, inappropriate or unsuitable.
• non-current asset Another term for fixed asset; term used in accounting for assets and property which cannot easily be
converted into cash.
• operating activities the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in, excluding costs associated with
long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities
• partnership an association of two or more people to conduct a business

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Introduction to Accounting

• profit Total income or cash flow minus expenditures. The money or other benefit a non-governmental organization or individual
receives in exchange for products and services sold at an advertised price.
• profitability The capacity to make a profit.
• recognition In accounting recognition is the act of including a transaction of a financial statement-either the income statement
or the balance sheet.
• reliable Suitable or fit to be relied on; worthy of dependence or reliance; trustworthy.
• retained earnings Retained earnings are the portion of net income that is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to
its owners as dividends.
• retained earnings restrictions limits on how a company may allocate net income not paid out as dividends
• retained earnings statement a financial statement that breaks down changes in the owners' interest in the organization, and in
the application of retained profit or surplus from one accounting period to the next
• revenue Income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to
customers.
• revenue Income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to
customers.
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) An act passed by U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent
accounting activities by corporations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) mandated strict reforms to improve financial disclosures
from corporations and prevent accounting fraud. SOX was enacted in response to the accounting scandals in the early 2000s.
Scandals such as Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom shook investor confidence in financial statements and required an overhaul of
regulatory standards.
• Securities and Exchange Commission an agency responsible for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the
securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States.
• solvency The state of having enough funds or liquid assets to pay all of one's debts; the state of being solvent.

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Introduction to Accounting

• solvency ratio the size of a company's capital relative to net premium written
• statement of cash flows a financial document that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and
cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis down to operating, investing, and financing activities
• unqualified Not elaborated upon, undescribed.
• write-off The cancellation of an item; the amount cancelled or lost.

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Introduction to Accounting

Revenues and Expenses


This graph shows the growth of the revenues, expenses, and net assets of the Wikimedia Foundation from june 2003 to june 2006.

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Introduction to Accounting

IFRS in Developing Countries


A map of developing countries, without the least advanced countries and the failed countries.

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Introduction to Accounting

Auditing Firm
Auditing firm office building in San Francisco.

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Wikipedia. "Downtown Los Angeles Skyscrapers-edit1 (cropped)." Public domain
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Introduction to Accounting

Current Issues
Accountants must stay up to date with current issues in reporting and disclosure.

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Wikipedia. "File:Newspaper.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Newspaper.svg&page=1
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Introduction to Accounting

Financial Statements
The financials statements show a company's profitability.

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Flickr. "All sizes | The financial statements were improved this year | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/finsec/106096184/sizes/z/
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Introduction to Accounting

Auditor and Management Reports


Auditor reports stem from an internal or external audit of the company's financial statements.

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Flickr. "All sizes | Balancing The Account | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/teegardin/5912231439/sizes/l/ View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

GE Financial Statement
Notes on the financial statements convey specific information about the line-items on the statement.

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http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting. "Investor Relations | GE.com." Public domain http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

Bookkeeping
Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions, includng sales, purchases, income, receipts and payments by an individual or organization.

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Creative Commons. "Creative Commons — Attribution 2.0 Generic — CC BY 2.0." CC BY http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

Journals to Ledgers
The general ledger works as a central repository for accounting data transferred from all sub-ledgers or modules like accounts payable, accounts
receivable, cash management, fixed assets, purchasing, and projects.

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Introduction to Accounting

Business activities
Business activities include operating, investing and financing activities.

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Wikipedia. "Cash flow statement." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow_statement%23Financing_activities View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

The Statement of Retained Earnings and Stockholders' Equity


The statement of retained earnings uses information from the income statement and provides information to the balance sheet.

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Flickr. "All sizes | Analyzing Financial Data | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/davedugdale/5099605109/sizes/l/ View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

Laying a Foundation for Building


U.S. Navy Petty Officer 3rd Class Channing Connelly, right, uses a laser-guided level to check for proper frame elevation as other Seabees adjust a
frame board while working on a building foundation at a patrol base in Mahawil, Iraq, Feb. 4, 2009.

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Wikimedia Foundation. "File:Defense.gov photo essay 090204-N-1509W-174.jpg - Wikimedia Foundation." Public domain
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Introduction to Accounting

A Sample Income Statement


Expenses are listed on a company's income statement.

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Introduction to Accounting

The Balance Sheet


If an error is found on a previous year's financial statement, a correction must be made and the financials reissued.

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Introduction to Accounting

The Globe
IFRS is Global

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Wikimedia Foundation. "File:Globe.svg - Wikimedia Foundation." Public domain http://wikimediafoundation.org/w/index.php?title=File:Globe.svg&page=1
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Introduction to Accounting

Standard Ethics Logo


Standard ethics

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Introduction to Accounting

Statement of Cash Flows


The statement of cash flows shows the liquidity of a company.

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http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting. "Investor Relations | GE.com." Public domain http://ge.com/investors/financial_reporting View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

GAAP vs. IFRS Cash Flow Classification


This image demonstrates the differences in accounting standards between GAAP and IFRS regarding classifying cash flows.

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Accounting News. "statements:cash_flow_statement [Accounting News]." CC BY-SA http://accountingnews.org/doku.php?id=statements:cash_flow_statement
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Introduction to Accounting

A Sample Income Statement


Expenses are listed on a company's income statement.

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Introduction to Accounting

Project Managers
Gary Roughead talks with project managers while touring Pacific Beacon.

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Wikipedia. "US Navy 080111-N-8273J-033 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Adm.Gary Roughead talks with project managers while touring Pacific Beacon, the
Navy's first large-scale housing privatization facility for single Sailors." Public domain
Introduction to Accounting

Events Trigger Disclosure


Events that trigger disclosure should be based on materiality and the full disclosure principle

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Introduction to Accounting

Disclosing Financial Statements to the SEC


The SEC requires businesses to file an annual report known as a Form 10-K in order to disclose relevant financial information.

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Wikimedia. "US-SecuritiesAndExchangeCommission-Seal." Public domain
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Introduction to Accounting

Father of Double-Entry Accounting


Portrait of Luca Pacioli, attributed to Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495 (Museo di Capodimonte).

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Introduction to Accounting

Token Accounting in Mesopotamia


The invention of a form of bookkeeping using clay tokens represented a huge cognitive leap for mankind.

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Introduction to Accounting

Role of accounting
Accounting helps direct and control operating activities.

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Pixabay. "Accounting, Bill, Billing, Finance - Free image - 57284." CC BY-SA http://pixabay.com/en/accounting-bill-billing-finance-57284/ View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

Stakeholders
The picture shows the typical stakeholders of a company. The stakeholders are divided in internal and external stakeholders.

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Wikimedia. "Stakeholder (en)." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stakeholder_(en).png View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

The Seal of the SEC


Seal of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Wikipedia. "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission
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Introduction to Accounting

AICPA Offices
The offices of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) at Palladian Office Park (220 Leigh Farm Road) in Durham, North Carolina.

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Introduction to Accounting

Accounting Concepts in a Diagram


This is a diagram of details for principles, concepts, and constraints within the field of Financial Accounting.

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Wikipedia. "MCCF v2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MCCF_v2.jpg View on Boundless.com
Introduction to Accounting

Attribution
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wiktionary. "contingent." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contingent
• Wiktionary. "disclosure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disclosure
• Wikipedia. "Notes to financial statements." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_to_financial_statements
• Wikipedia. "International Accounting Standards Board." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Accounting_Standards_Board
• Wiktionary. "liabilities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liabilities
• Wikipedia. "Assets." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assets
• Wikipedia. "Financial accountancy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accountancy
• Wikipedia. "GAAP." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAAP
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
q=cache:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards. "International Financial Reporting
Standards." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Stand
ards
• Wikipedia. "Securities and Exchange Commission." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
• Wikipedia. "FASB." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB
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• Wikipedia. "Committee on accounting procedure." CC BY-SA 3.0
Introduction to Accounting

• Wikipedia. "Accounting Principles Board." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_Principles_Board


• Wikipedia. "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission
• Wikipedia. "AICPA." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICPA
• Wiktionary. "disclosure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disclosure
• Wiktionary. "recognition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recognition
• Wiktionary. "mismatch." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mismatch
• Wikipedia. "Matching principle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_principle
• Wikipedia. "Matching principle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_principle
• Wiktionary. "debenture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/debenture
• Wikipedia. "Financial statement." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_statement
• Wikipedia. "Balance sheet." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_sheet
• Wiktionary. "equity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equity
• Wiktionary. "liabilities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liabilities
• Wiktionary. "asset." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asset
• Wikipedia. "Balance sheet." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_sheet
• Dropbox. CC BY-SA http://dl.dropbox.com/u/31779972/Accounting%20Principles%20Vol.%201.pdf
• Wikipedia. "Solvency ratio." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvency_ratio
• Wikipedia. "Statement of cash flows." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_of_cash_flows
• Wikipedia. "non-current asset." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-current%20asset

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Introduction to Accounting

• Wiktionary. "solvency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solvency


• Wiktionary. "write-off." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/write-off
• Dropbox. CC BY-SA http://dl.dropbox.com/u/31779972/Accounting%20Principles%20Vol.%201.pdf
• Wikipedia. "Statement of cash flows." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_of_cash_flows
• http://www.opencollegetextbooks.org/category/accounting/. CC BY http://www.opencollegetextbooks.org/category/accounting/
• Wiktionary. "auditor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auditor
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Introduction to Accounting

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Introduction to Accounting

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Introduction to Accounting

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Introduction to Accounting

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Introduction to Accounting

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