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Lahore Garrison University

Digital Image Processing
Lectures
Semester#7

Prepared by:

Engr. Muhammad Nadeem Ali

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Instructor Contact Details

 Name: Muhammad Nadeem Ali

 Course Instructor: Digital Image Processing
 Credit Hours: 2+1=3
 Designation : Senior Lecturer
 Office Location: CS-Staff Room Cabin
 Email: mnadeemali@lgu.edu.pk
 Visiting Hours: Thursday- Friday (0800-0900)
 Lab instructor : Miss Arfa Hassan, Umair Bin Ahmed

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Week-1
Lecture-1

Introduction to Signals, Types of Signals

Signal
A signal is a physical quantity that varies with time, space, or
any other independent variable by which information can be
conveyed.

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In term of Engineering:

o A continuous-time signal x(t) is a function of an independent

continuous variable t.
o A discrete-time signal x[n] is a function of an independent
discrete variable n.

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Types of Signals:

o Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

o Periodic and non-periodic signals
o Odd and even signals

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Elementary continuous-time signals

1) x(t)=es0t ,s0 = σ0 + jω0 (complex exponential)

2) x(t)=ejω0t,s0 = jω0 ( Periodic complex Exponent
3) x(t)=eσ0t,s0 = σ0 (real exponential)
4) x(t)=cosω0t =Re {ejω0t} (sinusoidal signals)
5) Impulse function: δ(t)
6) Unit function: u(t)
7) Ramp fonction: r(t)

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Elementary discrete-time signals:

1) x[n]=zn 0 ,z0 = r0ejω0 (complex exponential)

2) x[n]=ejΩ0n,z0 = ejΩ0 (periodic complex exponential)
3) x[n]=rn 0 ,z0 = r0 (real exponential)
4) x[n]=cosΩ 0n =Re {ejΩ0n} (sinusoidal signals)
5) Impulse function: δ[n]
6) Unit function: u[n]
7) Ramp function: r[n]

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continuous-time and discrete-time signals separately but in

parallel.

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Classification of signals:

Continuous-time x(t) vs Discrete-time x[n]

• Usually a discrete-time signal x[n] is obtained from a

continuous time signal x(t) by sampling:
x[n] = x(n T), n=0 ,±1,±2... For some fixed T.

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Even vs odd Signals

• Even(real): x(−t)=x(t)
• Odd(real): x(−t)=−x(t)
• Symmetric(complex): x(−t)=x∗(t)
• Anti-symmetric(complex): x(−t)=−x∗(t)

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Any signal x(t)can be decompose into the even part xe(t)and

the odd part xo(t)by:
x(t)=1 2 [x(t)+x(−t)]+1 2[x(t)−x(−t)],
where,
xe(t)=1 2[x(t)+x(−t)]and xo(t)=1 2[x(t)−x(−t)]
It is easy to check that xe(t)=xe(−t),xo(t)=−xo(t).

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Periodic vs Aperiodic signals:

o A signal x(t)( x[n]) is called a periodic signal if there exist real

number T (integer N)such that:
x(t + T)=x(t)( x[n + N]=x[n]).
o The smallest T0 (N0)such that:
x(t + T0)=x(t)( x[n + N0)=x[n])
Is called the(fundamental) period of x(t)( x[n]).
o 2π T0 (2π N0)is called the fundamental frequency(rad sec) of x(t).
o ( x[n]).x(t)( x[n])is called a periodic if it is not periodic.

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Deterministic vs Random

Deterministic signal x(t):

⇒ x(t0)is a number, noun certainty

Random signal x(t):

⇒ x(t0) Is a random variable (with some probability specification)

x(t)=random signal=random process=stochastic process

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Energy signal vs power signal

o For a continuous signal x(t):

E =∞ −∞ x2(t)dt :energy
P=limit→∞ 1 T T 2 −T 2 x2(t)dt :power
= 1 T T 2 −T 2 x2(t)dt if x(t)is periodic with period T
o For a discrete signal x[n]:
E =∞ n=−∞ x[n]:energy
P =limn→∞ 1 2N N−1 n=−N x2[n]:power
= 1 N N−1 n=0 x2[n]periodicwithperiodN

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o x(t)(x[n]) is an energy signal

if 0 <E<∞ or is a power signal
If 0 <P<∞
o A signal x(t)( x[n])can not be an energy signal and a power
signal simultaneously.

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Difference between x(t) and x[n]

o There are many similarities between x(t)and x[n] ,but there is

one important difference.
o For a continuous time x(t)=ejw0t we have:
1) ejw1t = ejw2t if w1 = w2,i.e.,any two signals with two
different frequencies are distinct.
2) w1 >w 2 ⇒ ejw1t oscillates faster than ejw2t.
3) ejw0t is periodic for any w0, T0 = 2π w0.

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Operations on signals

o Operation on { t−axis , x−axis of x(t)

o On dependent variable x(t) i.e., given x(t),
⇒ want to find y(t)=Ax(t)+B
o y1(t)=Ax(t) scaling first ,
y2(t)= y1(t)+B shift next.
⇒ y2(t)=y(t)=Ax(t)+B

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o y(t)=3x(t)+4

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Other Elementary signals

o Ramp function:
r(t) = 0 t ≤0 , t t ≥0
r[n] = 0 n ≤0 , n n ≥0

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o Unit function
u(t) = 0 t ≤0 1, t ≥1stepfunction
u[n] = 0 n =−1,−2..., 1 n =0 ,1,...

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o Impulse function:
δ(t) = 0 t =0 , 1·∞ t = 0 impulse function
δ[n] = 0 n =0 ,1 n = 0 delta function
In general, δ(t) Is not a function, It Is a generalized function.
(but δ[n] Is a function)

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Properties of impulse function

o There are many property of δ(t)

1.Sampling property: x(t)∗δ(t−t0)=x(t0)∗δ(t−t0)
2.Sifting property: ∞ −∞ x(t)δ(t−t0)dt = x(t0)
o b a x(t)δ(t−t0)dt = [ x(t0)if t0 ∈[a,b] , 0 else ]
o Sampling and sifting property

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Thankyou

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