Physical Education 12

Pneumonia

To be reported by:
Alawi, Lhamiah M.
Casano, Diana Elizabeth C.
Kinoshita, Ryou G.
What is Pneumonia?

• Pneumonia is an infection that

inflames the air sacs in one or both
lungs. The air sacs may fill with
fluid or pus, causing cough with
phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and
difficulty breathing. A variety of
organisms, including bacteria,
viruses and fungi, can cause
pneumonia.
What is Pneumonia?

• Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is

most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65,
and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
• The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe,
depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection,
and your age and overall health. Mild signs and symptoms often are
similar to those of a cold or flu, but they last longer.
What is Pneumonia?

• Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:

o Chest pain when you breathe or cough
o Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older)
o Cough, which may produce phlegm
o Fatigue
o Fever, sweating and shaking chills
o Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems)
o Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
o Shortness of breath

• Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and
cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eating.
What is Pneumonia?

• It's especially important that people in these high-risk groups see a

doctor:
o Adults older than age 65
o Children younger than age 2 with signs and symptoms
o People with an underlying health condition or weakened immune system
o People receiving chemotherapy or taking medication that suppresses the immune
system
• For some older adults and people with heart failure or chronic lung
problems, pneumonia can quickly become a life-threatening condition.
Brief History of Pneumonia
History of Pneumonia

• Pneumonia has been a common disease throughout human history. The

word is from Greek πνεύμων (pneúmōn) meaning "lung". The Winter
Fever, as pneumonia was once known, has been traced back through
history. Symptoms of pneumonia were first described by the Greek
physician Hippocrates around 460 BC. Although it carried many
names and was often identified as a sickness, it wasn’t until the 19th
century that scholars were able to identify pneumonia as its own
infection, and not just a symptom of other diseases.
History of Pneumonia

• In 1875, German pathologist Edwin Klebs observed pneumonia bacteria under a

microscope for the first time, and this was a huge step forward in the fight against
the pulmonary disease. Then, in the 1880’s, Carl Friedlander and Albert Frankel
identified two of the most common bacterial causes of pneumonia, Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Friedlander's initial work introduced
the Gram stain, a fundamental laboratory test still used today to identify
and categorize bacteria. Christian Gram's paper describing the procedure
in 1884 helped to differentiate the two bacteria, and showed that
pneumonia could be caused by more than one microorganism.
History of Pneumonia

• Several developments in the 1900s improved the outcome for those with
pneumonia. With the advent of penicillin and other antibiotics, modern
surgical techniques, and intensive care in the 20th century, mortality from
pneumonia, which had approached 30%, dropped precipitously in the
developed world. Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus
influenzae type B began in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in cases
shortly thereafter. Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in
adults began in 1977, and in children in 2000, resulting in a similar
decline.
Causes of Pneumonia
Causes of Pneumonia

• There are several types of infectious agents that can cause pneumonia:
1. Bacterial Pneumonia - Bacterial pneumonia can be mild or serious.
The severity of your pneumonia depends on:
 the strength of the bacteria
 how quickly you are diagnosed and treated
 your age
 overall health
 if you have other conditions or diseases
Causes of Pneumonia

• The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus

pneumoniae. Other causes include:
 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
 Haemophilus influenzae
 Legionella pneumophila
Causes of Pneumonia

2. Viral Pneumonia - is a complication of the viruses that cause colds and the
flu. It accounts for about one third of pneumonia cases. The virus invades your
lungs and causes them to swell, blocking your flow of oxygen.
• Respiratory viruses are often the cause of pneumonia. Some examples include:
 influenza (flu)
 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
 rhinoviruses (common cold)

• Viral pneumonia is usually milder and can improve in one to three weeks
without treatment.
Causes of Pneumonia

3. Fungal Pneumonia - Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause

pneumonia. They most often cause pneumonia in people with weakened
immune systems. Examples of fungi that can cause pneumonia include:
 Pneumocystis jirovecii
 Cryptococcus species
 Histoplasmosis species
Preventing Pneumonia
Preventing Pneumonia

• Get vaccinated: Get a flu shot every year to prevent seasonal influenza. The flu is
a common cause of pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a good way to prevent
pneumonia. Children younger than 5 and adults 65 and older should get vaccinated
against pneumococcal pneumonia, a common form of bacterial pneumonia. The
pneumococcal vaccine is also recommended for all children and adults who are at
increased risk of pneumococcal disease due to other health conditions. There are
two types of pneumococcal vaccine. Talk to your healthcare provider to find out if
one of them is right for you.
• Hib vaccine, which prevents pneumonia in children from Haemophilus influenza
type b
Preventing Pneumonia

• Wash your hands: Wash your hands frequently, especially after

blowing your nose, going to the bathroom, diapering, and before eating
or preparing foods.
• Don’t smoke: Tobacco damages your lung's ability to fight off infection,
and smokers have been found to be at higher risk of getting pneumonia.
Smokers are considered one of the high-risk groups that are
encouraged to get the pneumococcal vaccine.
Preventing Pneumonia

• Be aware of your general health: Since pneumonia often follows

respiratory infections, be aware of any symptoms that linger more than
a few days.
• Good health habits—a healthy diet, rest, regular exercise, etc.—help
you from getting sick from viruses and respiratory illnesses. They also
help promote fast recovery when you do get a cold, the flu or other
respiratory illness.
THAT’S ALL FOLKS!