ECE60

Numerical Methods with

Computing

Engr. Charmaine C. Paglinawan

Instructor
 Roots of Non-Linear Equation
• Polynomial Equations / Function
• General Form
The roots depend on n
n a. even – roots will be real or complex
f ( x )   an x n b. odd – at least one root will be real
0 c. total number of roots that can obtained = n
f ( x)  x 3  3x 2  2 x  1

• Transcendental Equations / Function

 
f ( x)  sin x 2  1
1/ 2

f ( x)  log  3 x  2
f ( x)  log  x  4 x 
3 2
f ( x )  e 2 x  x 2
There can be:
a. infinite number of roots
b. finite number of roots
c no root at all

2
Techniques in evaluating the roots of non-linear
equation

1. Graphical Method

80

xx f(x)=x3-4x2+x-10
f(x)=x3-4x2+x-10 60
f(x) = x³ − 4 x² + x − 10

0 -10
10 -12
21 -16 40

32 -16
43 -6 20

54 20
65 68 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6
-20

-40

3
Techniques in evaluating the roots of non-linear equation

2. Empirical Formula
Quadratic Equation

 b  b 2  4ac
x
Factorization 2a
Completing the square
-limited to polynomial functions
Synthetic Division

4
3. Iterative Method
• Iterative Formula (recursive)
• Terminating Condition
• If by chance, the computed value is the actual root
• If a specified no. of iteration is given
• If the error criterion is met (best)

5
 Bracketing Techniques -1
1. Interhalving (bisection) Method
Graphical Depiction Initial Values
x0 ; f ( x0 ) /  f ( x0 )
25 Bracket Values
20
f(x) = x³ − 7 x² + 12 x − 16
x0 ; f ( x1 ) /  f ( x1 )
15
10 Bracketing Condition
5
0
X0 X2 X1 f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )  0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-5
-10
Substitute x2 to the given function f(x) to obtain
-15
-20 f(x2) if f(x2) > 0 then replace “+” function limit
value of x with x2 but if f(x2) < 0, then replace
Iterative Formula:
“-” function limit value of x with x2. The
x0  x1 x1  x0 process is repeated until the terminating
x2  or x2   x0
2 2 condition is met.

midpoint formula
6
 Example
• Determine a root from the function using Bisection Method.
Terminate if EA ≤ 0.0001
f(x)=x3-4x2+x-10

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -142 -76 -36 -16 -10 -12 -16 -16 -6 20
root

1. Tabulate values of x
x0  4; f ( x0 )  6
x0  5; f ( x1 )  20 initial values

45
x2   4.5
2
f ( x2 )   4.5  4 4.5   4.5  10  4.6250
3 2

replace x1 with x2 7
x0  4; f ( x0 )  6 x0  4.25; f ( x0 )  1.2344 initial values
initial values
x1  4.5; f ( x1 )  4.625 x1  4.375; f ( x1 )  1.5527
4  4. 5 4.25  4.375
x2   4.25 x2   4.3125
2 2
replace x0 with x2 replace x1 with x2
f ( x)  1.2344 f ( x)  0.1243

x0  4.25; f ( x0 )  1.2344 x0  4.25; f ( x0 )  1.2344 initial values

initial values
x1  4.5; f ( x1 )  4.625 x1  4.3125; f ( x1 )  0.1243
4.25  4.5 4.25  4.3125
x2   4.375 x2   4.2813
2 replace x1 with x2 2
f ( x)  1.5527 f ( x)  0.5626 replace x0 with x2

8
 x0 x2 x1 f(x2) Termination Condition
4.0000 4.5000 5.0000 4.6250 1. If by any choice the computed
4.0000 4.2500 4.5000 -1.2344 midpoint x2 is the actual root of
4.2500 4.3750 4.5000 1.5527 the function, i.e. x2
4.2500 4.3125 4.3750 0.1243 is substituted to the function f(x2)
4.2500 4.2813 4.3125 -0.5637 = 0.
4.2813 4.2969 4.3125 -0.2219 2. If a definite number of iteration is
4.2969 4.3047 4.3125 -0.0494 satisfied.
4.3047 4.3086 4.3125 0.0373 3. If the applied error criterion is
4.3047 4.3066 4.3086 -0.0060 satisfied using (Approximate
Relative Error) formula.
4.3066 4.3076 4.3086 0.0156
4.3066 4.3071 4.3076 0.0048
4.3066 4.3069 4.3071 -0.0006
f(x)=x3-4x2+x-10
4.3069 4.3070 4.3071 0.0021
4.3069 4.3069 4.3070 0.0007
9
• Choose lower x0 and upper x1 guesses for the root such that
the function changes sign over the interval
• Find x2 using midpoint formula
• Make the following evaluations to determine in which the
subinterval root lies:
• If f(x)<0, set “-” to x2
• If f(x)>0, set “+” to x2
• If f(x)=0, root is equal to x2, terminate the computation

10
 Bracketing Techniques -2

2. Regula-Falsi Method (False Position)

Graphical Depiction
25
f(x) = x³ − 7 x² + 12 x − 16
20 f(x1) x0   f ( x0 ) /  f ( x0 ) initial bracket values
15

10 x1   f ( x1 ) /  f ( x1 ) of x
5
x2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-5 x0 x1
-10 f(x0)
-15

-20

11
 • Bracketing Condition f(x1)

f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )  0
• Iterative Formula x2 x1

• Using similar ∆’s x0

f(x0)

x1  x2 x1  x0
 x2  x0 x1  x0
f ( x1 ) f ( x1 )  f ( x0 ) 
 f ( x0 ) f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
 x1  x0 
x1  x2  f ( x1 )    x1  x0 
 f ( x )  f ( x )
0  x2  x0   f ( x0 ) 
1 
 f ( x )  f ( x )
0 
 x1  x0  1

x2  x1  f ( x1 )   or  x1  x0 
 f ( x )  f ( x )
0  x2  x0  f ( x0 ) 
1 
 f ( x1 )  f ( x )
0 

12
a. Substitute x2 to the function f(x) to obtain f(x2).
• If f(x2)>0 then replace “+” function limit value x with x2.
• If f(x2)<0 then replace “i” function limit value x with x2.

• The process is repeated until the terminating condition is satisfied.

13
 Example-Regula Falsi
Determinethe root from the function using Regula-Falsi.
Terminate if EA ≤ 0.0001
f(x)=x3-4x2+x-10
 x1  x0 
x2  x1  f ( x1 )  
Tabulate values of x  f ( x1 )  f ( x )
0 

x 0 1 2 3 4 5  x1  x0 
y -10 -12 -16 -16 -6 20 x2  x0  f ( x0 )  
 f ( x1 )  f ( x )
0 

x0  4  f ( x0 )  6
initial values
x1  5  f ( x1 )  20
 54 
x2  5  20   4.2308
 20  6 
f ( x2 )   4.2308  4 4.2308  4.2308  10  1.6380
3 2

replace x0 with x2

14
x0  4.2308  f ( x0 )  1.6380
initial values
x1  5  f ( x1 )  20
 5  4.3208 
x2  5  20   4.2890
 20  1.6380 
f ( x2 )   4.2890   4 4.2890   4.2890  10  0.3947
3 2

replace x0 with x2

x0  4.2890  f ( x0 )  0.3947
initial values
x1  5  f ( x1 )  20
 5  4.2890 
x2  5  20    4.3028
 20  0.3947 
f ( x2 )   4.3028  44.30282  4.3028  10  0.0911
3

replace x0 with x2
15
 f(x)=x3-4x2+x-10

xx00 XX22 XX11 f(x

f(x0)0) f(x
f(x2)2) f(f(x1x1))
4.0000
4.0000 4.2308
4.2308 55 -6.0000
-6.0000 -1.6386
-1.6386 2020
4.2308 4.2890 5 -1.6386 -0.3943 20
4.2890 4.3028 5 -0.3943 -0.0919 20
4.3028 4.3060 5 -0.0919 -0.0213 20
4.3060 4.3067 5 -0.0213 -0.0049 20
4.3067 4.3069 5 -0.0049 -0.0011 20
4.3069 4.3069 5 -0.0011 -0.0003 20

 x1  x0 
x2  x1  f ( x1 )  
 f ( x1 )  f ( x )
0 

 x1  x0 
x2  x0  f ( x0 )  
 f ( x1 )  f ( x )
0 

16
Practical Example - Graphical
Determine the drag coefficient c needed for a parachutist of mass m=68.1kg to
have a velocity of 40m/s after free-falling for time t=10s. Note: The acceleration
due to gravity is 9.8m/s2.

Solution:

v t  
gm
c

1  e  c m  t 
f  c 
gm
c

1  e  c m  t  v
9.8 68.1
f  c 
c
 
1  e  c 68.110  40

f  c 
667.38
c
 
1  e 0.146843c  40

17
 c f(c)
1 51.14440346 Chart Title
2 44.92058624
3 39.26342879 60
4 34.11488938 50
5 29.42326769 40
6 25.14248313
30
7 21.23143759
8 17.65345264 20
9 14.37577215 10
10 11.36912276 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
11 8.607325114 -10
12 6.066949963 root
13 3.727013868
14 1.568709726 By visual inspection and rough estimate, c=14.75
15 -0.424831887
Substituting to:

f  c 
667.38
c
 
1  e 0.146843c  40
f(c)=0.059 which is approximately equal to zero

18
Practical Example - Bisection
x0 X2 X1 f(x2)
15.0000 14.5000 14.0000 0.5523 cont
15.0000 14.7500 14.5000 0.0590 cont
15.0000 14.8750 14.7500 -0.1841 cont
14.8750 14.8125 14.7500 -0.0629 cont c=14.7802
14.8125 14.7813 14.7500 -0.0020 cont
14.7813 14.7656 14.7500 0.0284 cont
14.7813 14.7734 14.7656 0.0132 cont
14.7813 14.7773 14.7734 0.0056 cont
14.7813 14.7793 14.7773 0.0018 cont
14.7813 14.7803 14.7793 -0.0001 cont
14.7803 14.7798 14.7793 0.0008 cont
14.7803 14.7800 14.7798 0.0003 cont
14.7803 14.7802 14.7800 0.0001 cont
14.7803 14.7802 14.7802 0.0000 stop

19
Practical Example – Regula Falsi

x0 X2 X1 f(x0) f(x2) f(x1)

15.0000 14.7869 14.0000 -0.4248 -0.0130 1.5687 continue
14.7869 14.7804 14.0000 -0.0130 -0.0004 1.5687 continue
14.7804 14.7802 14.0000 -0.0004 0.0000 1.5687 stop
14.7802 14.7802 14.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.5687

c=14.7802

20
 Homework
1. Determine the MSE (Mac Laurin Series
Expansion) of f(x)=sin(x).
2. Determine the TSE (Taylor Series Expansion) of
the function f(x) = cos(x) near x=π/2
3. Use the bisection method to find solutions
accurate to within 0.0001 for x3-7x2+14x-6.
4. Use regula-falsi method for problem 3.

21
 HW Solution
• Determine the MSE (Mac Laurin Series Expansion) of
f(x)=sin(x).
f  x   sin  x   0
f V  x   cos x   1
f '  x   cos x   1
f VI  x    sin  x   0
f ' '  x    sin  x   0
f VII  x    cos x   1
f ' ' '  x    cos x   1
f IV  x   sin  x   0

Recall:
f ' (a) f ' ' (a) f ' ' ' (a) f IV (a)
f ( x)  f (a )   x  a   x  a 
2
 x  a 
3
 x  a  4  ....  f n (a)  x  a  n
1! 2! 3! 4! n!

f ( x)  0 
1
 x  0  0  x  0 2   1  x  0 3  0  x  0 4  ....  f n (a)  x  0 n
1! 2! 3! 4! n!

x3 x5 x7 xn
f ( x)  x     .... 
3! 5! 7! n!
22
 • Determine the TSE (Taylor Series Expansion) of the function f(x) =
cos(x) near x=π/2
f  x   cos  2  0
f '  x    sin   2  1 f V  x    sin   2  1
f ' '  x    cos  2  0 f VI  x    cos  2  0
f '''  x   sin   2  1 f VII  x   sin   2   1
f IV  x   cos  2  0

Recall:
f IV (a )
f ( x)  f (a ) 
f ' (a)
 x  a  f ' ' (a )
 x  a 
2 f ' ' ' (a )
 x  a 
3
 x  a  4  ....  f n (a)  x  a  n
1! 2! 3! 4! n!
1
f ( x)  0   x     0  1  x    3   1  x    5  1  x    7 ....  f n (a)  x  a  n
1! 3! 5! 7! n!
3 5 7
1   1    1    1    f (a )
f ( x)    x     x     x     x   ....  n  x  a n
1!  2  3!  2 5!  2  7!  2 n!

3 5 7 n
       
x  x  x  x 
  2  2  2 2
f ( x )   x       ....  
 2 3! 5! 7! n!

23
• Use the bisection method to find solutions accurate to within 0.0001 for
x3-7x2+14x-6

x0 X2 X1 f(x2)
0.0000 0.5000 1.0000 -0.6250 root  0.5858
0.5000 0.7500 1.0000 0.9844
0.5000 0.6250 0.7500 0.2598
0.5000 0.5625 0.6250 -0.1619
0.5625 0.5938 0.6250 0.0540
0.5625 0.5781 0.5938 -0.0526
0.5781 0.5859 0.5938 0.0010
0.5781 0.5820 0.5859 -0.0257
0.5820 0.5840 0.5859 -0.0123
0.5840 0.5850 0.5859 -0.0056
0.5850 0.5854 0.5859 -0.0023
0.5854 0.5857 0.5859 -0.0006
0.5857 0.5858 0.5859 0.0002

24
• Use the bisection method to find solutions accurate to within 0.0001 for
x3-7x2+14x-6

x0 x2 x1 f(x0) f(x2) f(x1)

0.0000 0.7500 1.0000 -6.0000 0.9844 2.0000
0.0000 0.6443 0.7500 -6.0000 0.3818 0.9844
0.0000 0.6058 0.6443 -6.0000 0.1346 0.3818
0.0000 0.5925 0.6058 -6.0000 0.0456 0.1346
0.0000 0.5880 0.5925 -6.0000 0.0151 0.0456
0.0000 0.5865 0.5880 -6.0000 0.0049 0.0151
0.0000 0.5860 0.5865 -6.0000 0.0015 0.0049
0.0000 0.5859 0.5860 -6.0000 0.0008 0.0015
0.0000 0.5858 0.5859 -6.0000 0.0001 0.0008

25