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ENT210 CHAPTER 2 Water As A Universal Solvent
ENT210 CHAPTER 2 Water As A Universal Solvent
2-4 Buffers
Biologically important elements
O 1. Organic compounds on most living:
O Carbon (C)
O Nitrogen (N)
O Hydrogen (H)
O Oxygen (O)
processes depend.
O 2. An inorganic ions , which represent only
about 0.5%
O Sodium (Na)
O Potassium (K)
O Chlorine (Cl)
O Manganese (Mg)
3
4
Chemical Evolution.
By sparking CH4, NH3, H2O and H2 these are formed:
Glycine
Glycolic acid
Sarcosine
Alanine
Lactic acid
N-Methalanine
a-Amino-n-butyric acid
a - Aminoisobutyric acid
b- Alanine
Succinic Acid
Glutamic acid
etc 5
Interactions between Biomolecules —
Chemical Bonds
OInteractions between
biomolecules depend on the
forming and breaking of
chemical bonds.
6
NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS
7
Water
O The medium in which biological systems
operate is water
O Water is the solvent of life
O provides a medium for movement of
molecules
O separates charged molecules, dissipates
heat, and participates in chemical reactions.
8
Body composition of Water
9
What makes water polar
O Hydrophobic: water-fearing
O tend not to dissolve in water
25
Hydrogen bond
This leads to stronger-than-expected intermolecular forces.
The interaction of a
hydrogen atom bonded to either oxygen, nitrogen,
fluorine atoms with an oxygen, nitrogen or
fluorine on another molecule (intermolecular) or the same
molecule (intramolecular).
26
Hydrogen Bonds
O Hydrogen bond: the attractive interaction between dipoles
when:
O positive end of one dipole is a hydrogen atom bonded to an
atom of high electronegativity, most commonly O or N, and
O the negative end of the other dipole is an atom with a lone
pair of electrons, most commonly O or N
O Hydrogen bond is non-covalent
Hydrogen Binding Sites
Hydrogen bonds
35
A hydrogen bond between two water molecules
36
Specific heat
O is the amount of heat required to change the
temperature of a gram of water 1° Celsius.
37
Acids, Bases and pH
O Acid: a molecule that behaves as a proton
donor
39
Equilibrium
When the concentrations of hydrogen ion (H+) and
hydroxide ion (OH–) are the same, the solution is neutral.
If the hydrogen ion concentration exceeds
the hydroxide ion concentration, the solution is acidic.
If the hydroxide ion concentration is greater, the solution
is basic.
Water is a contributor to the hydrogen ion concentration
because it undergoes autoionization,
40
Ionization of water
O The ability of water to ionize, while slight, is of central
importance for life.
O H2O <-> H+ + OH-
41
H2O <-> H+ + OH-
42
43
O The concentration of H2O remains almost unchanged
especially in dilute acid solutions.
O What is the concentration of H2O?
1g 1ml
O 1000 g/liter
1000 g
55.5M
18 g / mol 44
The concentration of H2O
1 mole (mol) of water weighs 18 g (Periodic Table of elements)
1 liter (L) (1000 g) of water contains
1000 ÷ 18 = 55.56 mol. (1gm=1ml)
Pure water thus is 55.56 Molar.{ [H2O]=55.56M}
Keq H2O= 1.8 x 10–16 M
the molar concentration of H+ ions in pure water is the product
of the probability, 1.8 x 10–16, times the molar concentration of
water, 55.56 mol/L.
the probability that a hydrogen in pure water will exist as a [H+]
= [OH-] which:
(1.8 x 10–16 M) (55.56 M) = 1.0 X 10–14 M2
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 X 10–14 M2
The result is 1.0 x 10–7 mol/L. 45
Equilibrium expression
O Dissociation of water is described by:
K = [H+][OH-]
[H2O]
O brackets represent molar concentrations
O K is the dissociation constant
O Considering [H2O] constant yields
Kw = [H+][OH-]
46
Kw
Kw is used to calculate the pH of acidic and basic solutions
Kw = [H+][OH-]
Kw = 2.4 × 10–14
47
O In pure water, at 25°C, [H+] = 1.0 × 10–7 M (1.6 × 10–7 M
at 37°C)
O (M is a concentration term, the molarity. Molarity
is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution)
48
Acids and bases
49
pH
O pH is way of simplifying the representation of the
hydrogen ion concentration: 10-7
O the pH for any solution by using the following equation:
pH = –log [H+]
O For instance, in the case of a solution with a hydrogen ion
concentration of 1.0 × 10–7 M
50
[H+] pH
10-7 = 7
pH = -Log[H+]
10-3 = 3
3.3x10-8 = 7.48
51
The pH in your
stomach is close to 1
52
Relationship between pH and [H+] / [OH-]
concentration
53
Calculating pOH
You can calculate pOH in a similar manner to the pH
calculation.
pH = –log [H+]
pOH = –log [OH–]
You can calculate the hydroxide ion concentration from
the hydrogen ion concentration and the Kw (equilibrium
constant) relationship:
Kw = [H+][OH-]
[OH–] = Kw ÷ [H+]
54
Exercise for pH and pOH
calculation
O example, if a solution has a [H+] = 6.2 × 10–6
its pH would be
pH = –log [H+]
pH = –log [6.2 × 10–6]
pH = 5.21
O pH + pOH = 14.00 (for any aqueous
solution)
O pOH= 14.00 – pH = 14.00 – 5.21 = 8.79
55
Acids and Bases
Many biochemicals possess functional groups that are
weak acids or bases.
Carboxyl groups, amino groups, and phosphate esters,
whose second dissociation falls within the physiologic
range, are present in proteins and nucleic acids, most
coenzymes, and most intermediary metabolites.
Knowledge of the dissociation of weak acids and bases
thus is basic to understanding the influence of
intracellular pH on structure and biologic activity.
56
Acids and Bases
O the protonated species (eg, HA or R—NH3+) =the acid
O the unprotonated species (eg, A– or R—NH2) =its
conjugate base
O Weak acid Conjugate base pKa
57
Acids and Bases
O pKa ;dissociation constants is used to express the
relative strengths of both acids and bases.
O Written correctly,
Ionization of H2O and pH
O Lets quantitatively examine the dissociation of water:
[A ]
Then log log 1 0 : pH = pK
[ HA]
By definition the pK is the pH where [HA] = [A-] :
50% dissociated 65
1: Example -the equilibrium from the
acetate
66
Example -the equilibrium from the acetate
67
Example -the equilibrium from the
acetate
68
The buffer effect can be seen in a titration curve.
To a weak acid salt, CH3C00-, add HC1 while monitoring pH vs. the
number of equivalents of acid added.
or
do the opposite with base.
Buffer capacity: the molar amount of acid which the buffer can
handle without significant changes in pH.
i.e
71
Titration curve for phosphate
72
Dissociation constants and pK’s of Acids & buffers
Acid K pK
You may be asked the pH, pK, the ratio of acid or base or solve for the final
concentrations of each.
75
The 6 steps approach
2) CH3C00H CH3C00- + H+
3) Find pH
5) Already at equilibrium
2) CH3C00H CH3C00- + H+
3) Find equilibrium value of [A-] i.e [CH3C00-]
4) pH = 5.3; pK = 4.76
5) Let X = amount of CH3C00H dissociated at equilibrium
[A-] = [X]
[HA] = [0.1 - X]
79
Physiological buffer
O In the human body, the pH of various body fluids is
important.
O The pH of blood is 7.4,
O the pH of stomach acid is 1–2, and
O the pH in the intestinal tract is 8–9.
O If the pH of blood
0.2 pH units <normal=acidosis
0.2 > in pH than normal = alkalosis
O Acidosis and alkalosis may lead to serious health problems
80
Causes of acidosis and of alkalosis
81
The bicarbonate buffer system
O is the main extracellular buffer system
O The presence of the conjugate acid-base pair (H2CO3 and
HCO3-) means this is a buffer system
O provides a means of eliminating carbon dioxide.
O The dissolution of carbon dioxide in aqueous systems sets
up the following equilibrium:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 + H+ + HCO3-
82
Buffers
O buffer: a solution whose pH
resists change upon addition
of small to moderate amounts
of a strong acid or base
O consists of a weak acid
and its conjugate base
O Examples of acid-base
buffers are solutions
containing
O CH3COOH and
CH3COONa
O H2CO3 and NaHCO3
O NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4
How Do We Choose a Buffer?
O By understanding the relationship between pH and
buffering capacity for the ionic environment needed for
the biological samples being studied
Buffer Range
O A buffer is effective in a range of about +/- 1 pH unit of
the pKa of the weak acid
Naturally Occurring Buffers
O H2PO4-/HPO42- is the principal buffer in cells
O H2CO3/HCO3- is an important (but not the only) buffer
in blood