BASIC CONCEPTS OF

MUSCULOSKELETAL
Qushay Umar Malinta
PHYSIOLOGY qushay20019@gmail.com
SKDI 2012 – Sistem Muskuloskeletal
Bone
 Diaf …
 shaft

 Epif…
 edge,

 Metaf…
 growth

 Perios…
 protection

 Cartil …
 growth, contact

 Medu…
 vascular
The cells
 Functions of bone:  Processes in the bone:
 Support  Growth
 Protection  Remodeling
 Movement
 Mineral balance
 Ca2+
 Blood cell production
 (red marrow)
 Triglyceride storage
 (yellow marrow)
 Ossification >< calcification
 Ossification:
 Bone formation
Ossification

Calcification
 Calcification:
 Deposition of calcium,
 one of many phases
of bone formation
 Bone formation (ossification)
Intermembranous oss.
1.Formation of oss. center
2.Calcification
3.Formation of trabeculae
4.Development of periosteum
Thin, flat bones
 skull bones +
clavicles
Endochondral oss.
1. Development of cartilage
2.Cartilage grown + Calcification
3. Development of 1st oss. center
4.Development of marrow
5.Development of 2nd oss. center
6.Formation of cartilage & growth
plate
Long, hollow bones
 All bones under base of
skull (except for clavicles)
Intermembranous ossification
 1
2 3 4

Endochondral
5 6 ossification
Bone growth & remodeling
Bone growth Growth in thickness
Growth in thickness

 O-blast (outer) + o-clast (inner)

 Osteoblastic activity > osteoclastic activity =
thicker bone
 Growth in length

similar to
endochondral oss:
1. Resting zone
2. Proliferation zone
3. Hypertrophic zone
4. Calcification zone
5. Ossification zone
Animasi bone remodelling

Bone Remodeling and Modeling.mp4

 Factors affecting
bone growth & remodeling
 Minerals:
 Calcium, phosphor, magnesium, flour, etc
 Vitamin:
 D3 :  intestinal Ca2+ absorption
 K, B12 : bone protein synthesis
 Factors affecting…
(cont’d)
 Hormones:
 T3 & T4  hGH  IGF :
osteoblastic activity & cell division at epiphysis & periosteum

 Calcitonin & parathormone:

control Ca2+ level in blood & bone

 Testosterone & estrogen:

osteoblastic activity, synthesis of bone matrix  growth spurt during
toddler & puberty

 Estrogen:
stimulates closure of epiphysial plate  stops bone lengthening 
females usually shorter than males
 Calcium Level Maintenance
 What’s the importance of [Ca2+] maintenance?
Nerve conduction, muscle contraction, blood clotting, etc.

 What factors that maintain [Ca2+ ] level?

Parathormon & vitamin D3 >< Calcitonin

 How is it maintained?
The hormones balance levels in blood & in bone
Muscle
 Function:
 Movement
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL
 Stability
 Thermogenesis

 Process:
 Contraction
 Relaxation

STRIATED
MUSCLE CELL
Striated vs smooth
Striated muscle
 Myofibril proteins
 Myosin, actin, tropomyosin,
troponin
 Cross-bridge cycle
 Ca2+ only from SR
Smooth muscle
 Myofibril proteins
 Myosin, actin, tropomyosin,
calmodulin
 Latch bridge cycle
 Ca2+ from ECF & SR
Striated
muscle
 Animasi Neuromuscular Junction

Muscle contraction part 1 - Events at the Neuromuscular Junction.mp4

Animasi excitation – contraction coupling

Muscle contraction part 2 - Excitation Contraction Coupling.mp4

Cross-bridge
cycle
 Animasi cross-bridge cycle

Muscle contraction part 3 - Cross Bridge Cycle.mp4

E – C coupling of smooth muscle
 WHY
smooth muscle cells shrink when they contract…
 …while striated muscle cells shorten ???

Latch bridge  two-way pulling  shrinkage

Answer: Cross bridge  one-way pulling  shortening
 CONCEPTS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION (cont’d)
 Motor unit: one neuron  several myocytes
 Large unit = strong movement
 Small unit = fine movement
 Cellular means to strengthen the contraction:
 Summation (more frequent stimuli)  stronger contraction
 Recruitment (more motor units recruited)  stronger
contraction
 Source of energy for contraction: CP & ATP
 CP: immediately available BUT only a few
 ATP: mostly from aerobic met.  takes time BUT efficient
 CONCEPTS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
 Muscle tone
 Role of γ fiber
 Commoner’s >< athlete’s muscle
 Length – tension relationship
 Frank-Starling law
 Passive & active stretching
 Isotonic vs isometric contraction
 Types of exercise:
 Endurance
 Resistance
 Mixed
Joint
Joint
Joint classification

 Structurally:  Functionally:
 Fibrous: no joint cavity  Syn – arthroses:
 Suture (like in the head)  no movement
 Syndesmosis (ligament)  Amphi – arthroses:
 Gomphosis (periodontal)  slight movement
 Cartilaginous: cartilage  Di – arthroses:
 Synchondroses (hyalin)  free movement
 Symphses (fibrocartilage)
 Synovial: fluid filled
 Features: cartilage, cavity,
capsule, fluid, ligament,
nerve, blood
 Factors affecting range of
movement (ROM) of joints
 Structure/ form of the joint
 Strength & laxity of the
ligaments
 Arrangement & tension of
muscle
 Contact of soft parts
 Hormones
 Usage/ disuse MRI movie peers inside cracking knuckles.mp4

Mystery solved Why do knuckles crack.mp4

Joint movement ~ joint type
Thank you

 Reference:
 Sherwood
 Tortora
 Marieb
 Salter
 Fox
 SKDI 2012