Standar Profesi Akuntan Publik

(SPAP)

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 1 Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik

2 Kode Etik Profesi Akuntan

3 Independensi Akuntan Publik

4 Standar Pengendalian Mutu

5 Standar Audit Laporan Keuangan Historis

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 International Professional Standards
Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants

International Standards on Quality Control (ISQCs)

International Framework for Assurance Engagements

Audits and Reviews of Assurance Engagements Other

Historical than Audits or Reviews of
Financial Information Historical Financial Information

International Standards on International Standards on

Auditing (ISAs) Assurance Engagements (ISAEs)

International Standards on Related Services

Review Engagements
(ISREs)
International Standards on
Related Services

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 Professional Standards – Indonesia
SPAP
KODE ETIK PROFESI AKUNTAN PUBLIK

STANDAR PENGENDALIAN MUTU

KERANGKA UNTUK PERIKATAN ASURANS

STANDAR STANDAR STANDAR STANDAR

AUDIT PERIKATAN PERIKATAN JASA
(SA) REVIEW ASURANS TERKAIT
(SPR) (SPA) (SJT)

Asurans Non-asurans
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 CPA Professional Standards
Professional Ethics

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 Need for Ethics in Professional Accountants

Need for public confidence

• The existence of the profession is heavily depends on the public confidence
in the quality of services provided by the profession.
• Public/users cannot be expected to evaluate the quality of professional
works because their have neither the competence nor the time for such an
evaluation.

The attitude and behavior of professional accountants in

providing auditing and assurance services have an impact
on the economic well-being of their community & country.

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 International Code of Ethics for
Professional Accountants
International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA)

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 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants

Part A Part B Part C

Fundamental Professional Accountants Professional Accountants
Principles in Public Practice in Business
Integrity Introduction Introduction
Objectivity Professional Appointment Potential Conflicts

Professionel Conflict of Interest Preparation & Reporting

of Information
Competence & Second Opinion
Due Care Acting with Sufficient
Fees & Remuneration
Expertise
Confidentiality Marketing Professional Financial Interests
Professional Services
Inducements
Behavior Gifts & Hospitality
Custody of Client Assets
Objectivity – All Services
Independence – Audit &
Review Engagements
Independence – Other
Assurance Engagements 2-8
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Fundamental Principles
Integrity
Prinsip integritas mewajibkan setiap Akuntan Profesional untuk
•bersikap
lugas dan jujur dalam semua hubungan profesional dan
hubungan bisnisnya.
•berterus terang & selalu mengatakan yang sebenarnya

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Fundamental Principles
Objectivity
Prinsip objektivitas mewajibkan semua Akuntan Profesional untuk
•tidakmembiarkan bias, benturan kepentingan, atau pengaruh tidak
sepantasnya dari pihak lain, yang dapat mengurangi pertimbangan
profesional atau bisnisnya.
•tidakakan memberikan layanan profesional jika suatu keadaan atau
hubungan menyebabkan terjadinya bias atau dapat memberi pengaruh yang
berlebihan terhadap pertimbangan profesionalnya.

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Fundamental Principles
Competence and Professional Due Care
Prinsip kompetensi & kehati-hatian profesional mewajibkan setiap Akuntan
Profesional untuk:
•Memelihara pengetahuan dan keahlian profesional pada tingkat yang
dibutuhkan untuk menjamin klien atau pemberi kerja akan menerima
layanan profesional yang kompeten; dan
•Bertindak cermat dan tekun sesuai dengan standar teknis dan profesional
yang berlaku ketika memberikan jasa profesional.

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Fundamental Principles
Competence and Professional Due Care - contd
Kompetensi Profesional
•Mensyaratkan pertimbangan yang cermat dalam menerapkan
pengetahuan dan keahlian profesional untuk jasa yang diberikan.
•Kompetensi profesional mencakup :
a) Pencapaian kompetensi profesional;
– Pendidikan, pengalaman. sertifikasi

b) Pemeliharaan kompetensi profesional.

– Pengembangan professional berkelanjutan

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Fundamental Principles
Confidentiality
Tidak melakukan hal berikut:
•Mengungkapkan informasi rahasia yang diperoleh dari hubungan profesional
dan hubungan bisnis kepada pihak di luar Kantor Akuntan atau organisasi
tempatnya bekerja tanpa diberikan kewenangan yang memadai dan spesifik,
kecuali jika terdapat hak atau kewajiban secara hukum atau profesional untuk
mengungkapkannya,
•Menggunakan informasi rahasia yang diperoleh dari hubungan profesional dan
hubungan bisnis untuk keuntungan pribadi atau pihak ketiga.

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Fundamental Principles
Professional Behavior
Prinsip perilaku profesional mewajibkan setiap akuntan profesional untuk
•mematuhi ketentuan hukum dan peraturan yang berlaku
•menghindari setiap perilaku yang Akuntan Profesional tahu atau seharusnya
tahu yang dapat mengurangi kepercayaan pada profesi.
•termasuk perilaku, yang menurut pihak ketiga yang rasional dan memiliki
informasi yang cukup, yang mengakibatkan pengaruh negatif terhadap
reputasi baik dari profesi.

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Fundamental Principles

Read more details :

“Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants”
2018 Edition
or
Kode Etik Profesi Akuntan Publik
IAPI, 2020

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Threats to Ethical Principles
Advocacy
Threat

Self-interests Treats to Self-review

Threat Ethics Threat

Intimidation Familiarity
Threat Threat

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Threats to Ethical Principles
• Self-interest threat - ancaman yang terkait dengan kepentingan
keuangan atau kepentingan lain yang akan memengaruhi pertimbangan
atau perilaku Akuntan Profesional secara tidak layak.
 direct financial interest,
 material indirect financial interest,
 ability to influence client through ownership interest,
 a loan of guarantee to or from assurance client,
 undue dependence on total fees from an assurance client,
 concern about the posibility of losing engagement
 having a close business relationship with an engagement client,
 contingent fees relating to assurance engagement,

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Threats to Ethical Principles
• Self-review threat - ancaman yang terjadi akibat dari Akuntan Profesional tidak
dapat sepenuhnya melakukan evaluasi atas pertimbangan yang dilakukan atau
jasa yang diberikan oleh Akuntan Profesional lain pada Kantor Akuntan atau
organisasi tempatnya bekerja yang akan digunakan oleh Akuntan Profesional
untuk melakukan pertimbangan sebagai bagian dari jasa yang sedang diberikan.
• Hasil penugasan sebelumnya perlu di re-evaluasi dalam pengambilan
kesimpulan pernugasan sekaraang
• Jika anggota tim asurans sebelumnya adalah pegawai klien dengan posisi yang
memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap misalnya catatan akuntansi/laporan
keuangan.

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Threats to Ethical Principles
• Advocacy threat - ancaman yang terjadi ketika Akuntan Profesional akan
mempromosikan posisi klien atau organisasi tempatnya bekerja sampai pada titik
yang dapat mengurangi objektivitasnya.
• Familiarity threat - ancaman yang terjadi ketika Akuntan Profesional terlalu
bersimpati pada kepentingan klien atau organisasi tempatnya bekerja atau terlalu
mudah menerima hasil pekerjaan mereka karena hubungan yang dekat dan
berlangsung lama.
• Intimidation threat – ancaman yang terjadi ketika Akuntan Profesional dihalangi
untuk bertindak secara objektif karena tekanan yang nyata atau dirasakan,
termasuk upaya memengaruhi Akuntan Profesional secara tidak sepantasnya.

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Safeguards to Address Threats
Created by
the Profession,
Legislation, or
Regulation

Safeguards
Within Within
The Audit The Assurance
Firm Client

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Safeguards to Address Threats
Safeguards created by the Profession, Legislation, or Regulation includes :
•Persyaratan pendidikan, pelatihan, & pengalaman untuk memasuki profesi -
sertifikasi
•Persyaratan pengembangan profesional berkelanjutan.
•Peraturan tata kelola korporat;
•Standar profesi;
•Prosedur pemantauan dan pendisiplinan oleh IAI atau regulator;
•Review eksternal oleh pihak ketiga (peer review)

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Safeguards to Address Threats
Safeguards created within the firm :
•Sistem pengendalian mutu KAP
•Prosedur/SOP Bagian Akuntansi/Keuangan Perusahaan

Safeguards created within the assurance client :

•Internal control

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Conflicts of Interest
Benturan kepentingan menciptakan ancaman terhadap objektivitas dan
mungkin menciptakan ancaman terhadap prinsip dasar etika lainnya.
•Akuntan Profesional melakukan kegiatan professional yang terkait dengan
permasalahan tertentu untuk dua pihak atau lebih yang memiliki kepentingan
yang saling berbenturan terkait dengan permasalahan tersebut; atau
•Kepentingan Akuntan Profesional terkait permasalahan tertentu berbenturan
dengan kepentingan pihak lain yang menggunakan jasa Akuntan Profesional.

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 Independence

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Important Aspects of Independence
• Practitioner-independence
• independence of the individual practitioners in the performance of
his work.
• the ability of the individual practitioner to maintain the proper
attitude during of his work.
• Profession-independence
• independence of auditors as a professional group.
• the image of auditors as a group.
• i.e. IAPI, IFAC, AICPA

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Practitioner-Independence
Independence is defined as “having a position to take an unbiased
viewpoint in the performance of audit tests, analysis of results, and
formulation a conclusion”.
• The independence of the auditor is one of the basic requirements to keep
public confidence in the reliability of the audit report.
• Adds credibility to the audit report on which investors, creditors, and
other stakeholders depend to make decisions about a company

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Practitioner-Independence
A practitioner shall :
 Independent in mind – reflects the auditor’s state of mind that permits
the audit to be performed with an unbiased attitude;
 Independent in appearance – is the result of others’ interpretations of
this independence.

Auditors must not only maintain an independent attitude

in fulfilling their responsibilities, but the users of financial
statements must have confidence in that independence.

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Dimensions of Practitioner-Independence
1. Programming Independence – freedom to develop his own program.
• There is no any control or undue influence in the selection of audit
techniques and procedures.

2. Investigative Independence – no legitimate source of information be

closed to the auditor
• Freedom from control or undue influence in the selection of area,
activities, personal relationships and managerial policies to be
examined.

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Dimensions of Practitioner-Independence
3. Reporting Independence – unbiased judgment and objective
consideration of facts as the determinants of that opinion
• Freedom from control or undue influence in the statement of facts
revealed by the examination or in the expression of recommendations
or opinions as a result of the examination.

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 CPA Professional Standards
Standard on Quality Control

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International Standard on Quality Control
ISQC 1
This SQC deals with a firm’s responsibilities for its system of quality control
for audits and reviews of financial statements, and other assurance and
related services engagements.
• Objective High quality of assurance services
• A system of quality control consists of policies designed to achieve the
objective and the procedures necessary to implement and monitor
compliance with those policies.

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Elements of Quality Control Standards
The firm shall establish and maintain a system of quality control that includes
policies and procedures that address each of the following elements:
1.Leadership responsibilities for quality within the firm.
2.Relevant ethical requirements.
3.Acceptance and continuance of client relationships and specific
engagements.
4.Human resources.
5.Engagement performance.
6.Monitoring

Read : SPAP - Standar Pengendalian Mutu Nomor 1

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Quality Control & Internal Control
Internal Control Elements Firm-Level
(ISA 315) QC Elements
(ISQC 1)
Control Environment Leadership Responsibilities
(Tone at the Top) for
Quality within the Firm
Relevant Ethical
Requirements
Human Resources
Risk Assessment Acceptance and Continuance
(What Could Go Wrong?) of Client Relationships and
Specific Engagements
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Engagement-Level
QC Elements
(ISA 220)
Leadership Responsibilities for
Quality on Audits
Relevant Ethical Requirements
Assignment of Engagement
Teams
Acceptance and Continuance of
Client
Relationships and Audit
Engagements
Risks that the report might not
be appropriate in the
circumstances
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Quality Control & Internal Control
Internal Control Elements Firm-Level Engagement-Level
(ISA 315) QC Elements QC Elements
(ISQC 1) (ISA 220)
Information Systems Quality Control System Audit Documentation
(Tracking performance) Documentation
Control Activities Engagement Performance Engagement Performance
(Prevent & detect controls)

Monitoring Ongoing Monitoring of the Applying Results of Ongoing

(Are the firm’s/ engagement’s Firm’s Quality Control Monitoring to Specific Audit
objectives being met?) Policies and Engagements
Procedures

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 CPA Professional Standards
Standards on Auditing (ISA/SA)
(Standards for Audits of Historical Financial Statements)

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International Standards on Auditing
International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are issued by the International
Auditing Practice Committee (IAPC) of the International Federation of
Accountants (IFAC)

IFAC is the worldwide organization for the accountancy profession

The IAPC works to improve the uniformity of auditing practices and related
services throughout the world

Sejak 2013 Indonesia telah mengadopsi penuh ISAs,

diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Indonesia.

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Standards on Auditing
 Digunakan sebagai acuan dalam pemberian jasa audit laporan keuangan
historis.
 Mencerminkan ukuran mutu pekerjaan dan hasil audit atas laporan
keuangan historis
 Auditor yang melakukan audit laporan keuangan wajib menerapkan
semua ketentuan dalam ISAs/SA.

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STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
ON AUDITING (ISAs)
• 200 – 299 General Principles and Responsibilities
• 300 – 499 Risk Assessment and Response to Assessed Risks
• 500 – 599 Audit Evidence
• 600 – 699 Using The Work of Others
• 700 – 799 Audit Conclusions and Reporting
• 800 – 899 Specialized Areas

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 International Standards on Auditing (ISAs)
Pronouncements

General Risk Assessent Audit Using the Work Audit Specilized

Principles & & Response to Evidence of Others Conclutions & Area
Responsibilities Assessed Risks Reporting
SA 200-299 SA 300-499 SA 500-599 SA 600-699 SA 700-799 SA 800-899

SA 200 SA 300 SA 500 SA 600 SA 700 SA 800

SA 210 SA 315 SA 501 SA 610 SA 705 SA 805
SA 220 SA 320 SA 505 SA 620 SA 706 SA 810
SA 230 SA 330 SA 510 SA 720
SA 240 SA 402 SA 520
SA 250 SA 450 SA 530
SA 260 SA 540
SA 265 SA 550
SA 560
SA 570
SA 580
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 STANDAR AUDIT
(SA)
Prinsip Umum Penilaian Risiko Penggunaan Kesimpulan
dan Tanggung dan Respons Bukti Audit Hasil Audit dan Area Khusus
Jawab Terhadap Risiko SA 500-599 Pekerjaan Pelaporan SA 800-899
SA 200-299 SA 300-499 Pihak Lain SA 700-799
SA 600-699
SA 200 SA 300 SA 500 SA 600 SA 700 SA 800

SA 210 SA 315 SA 501 SA 610 SA 705 SA 805

SA 220 SA 320 SA 505 SA 610

620 SA 706 SA 810

SA 230 SA 330 SA 510 SA 720

SA 240 SA 402 SA 520

SA 250 SA 450 SA 530

SA 260 SA 540
Risk-based
SA 550
SA 265
SA 560
SA 570
SA 580

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 CPA Professional Standards
Standards on Review Engagements
(Standards for Reviews of Historical Financial Information)

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STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON
REVIEW ENGAGEMENTS (ISREs)

• 2400 Engagements to Review Financial Statements

• 2410 Review of Interim Financial Information Performed by the
Independent Auditor of the Entity

Standar Perikatan Reviu Indonesia (SPR) mengadopsi penuh ISREs

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 CPA Professional Standards
Standards on Assurance Engagements
(Standards for Assurance Engagements Other Than Audits
and Reviews of Historical Financial Information)

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STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON
ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS (ISAEs)

• 3000 – 3399 APPLICABLE TO ALL ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS

• 3000 Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews of
Historical Financial Information
• 3400 – 3499 SUBJECT SPECIFIC STANDARDS
• 3400 The Examination of Prospective Financial Information
• 3402 Assurance Services on Controls at a Service Organization

Standar Perikatan Asurans Indonesia (SPA) mengadopsi penuh ISAEs

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 CPA Professional Standards
Standards on Related Services

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STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON
RELATED SERVICES (ISRSs)

• 4400 Engagements to Perform Agreed-Upon Procedures Regarding

Financial Information
• 4410 Engagements to Compile Financial Statements

Standar Perikatan Jasa Terkait Indonesia (SPJ) mengadopsi penuh ISRSs

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 End

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