Titanic – 1,502 died – WHY?

Many of the passengers had life jackets and there was a lot of
debris to hang onto. It was a calm and still night. Why did they die?

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 What happens if you are in your living room and
experience either of these two situations?

Brain stimulates the production of more heat

in the muscles by shivering and by Brain stimulates the body to
increasing respiration rate in the liver. sweat more to release more heat.
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HOMEOSTASIS

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 Compare
Explain howandsome
contrast the following
organisms processes
maintain steady in conditions
internal plants and(e.g.,
animals:
reproduction,
temperaturedevelopment, nutrition,
regulation, osmotic gas and
balance exchange,
glucose transport/
levels) that circulation,
possess
regulation of structures
various body fluids,
andchemical
processes and nervous control, immune systems, and
sensory and motor mechanisms.
Homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal
environment in response to changes in:

the changing conditions of the INTERNAL AND

EXTERNAL environment.

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How is Homeostasis achieved?

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 How is Homeostasis Achieved?

Structural

Changes Equilibrium

Functional Behavioral
 How is Homeostasis Achieved?

Structural
the animal or
plant has
Changes
particular
Equilibrium

physical features
which help its
survival in an
Functional otherwise hostile
environment.
Behavioral
 Structural

Changes Functional Behavioral

the metabolism of the animal

or plant is able to adjust to
changes in conditions as they
are detected.
 Structural

Changes
Functional Behavioral

the actions and interactions

of the individual, help it to
survive in its particular
environment.
Feedback
Loops
Feedback mechanisms have certain
essential components.
 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Stimulus Receptor

Relay Effector Response

STIMULUS
The change from ideal
or resting conditions.

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RESPONSE
An action responding
to the stimulus.

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FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
The consequence of the response on the stimulus.
May be positive or negative

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 SITUATION 1 - Negative

Exercise creates metabolic heat which raises

the body temperature. the stimulus
Cooling mechanisms such as vasodilation
(flushed skin) and sweating begin the response
So, body temperature falls
thus decreasing the original stimulus
Negative Feedback

Returns to homeostatic condition/the

response DIMINISHES the original
stimulus

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 SITUATION 2- Positive
A ripening fruit releases the volatile plant the stimulus
hormone ethylene

Ethylene accelerates the ripening of unripe

fruit in its vicinity so nearby fruit also ripens, the response
releasing more ethylene.

All the fruit quickly becomes ripe together.

thus increasing the original stimulus

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 Positive Feedback

Response strengthens stimulus

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Activity 2: LET’S TRY!

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Example 1

Blood glucose concentrations rise after a sugary meal,

the stimulus
the hormone insulin is released and it speeds up the
transport of glucose out of the blood and into
selected tissues the response
so blood glucose concentrations is maintained.

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 Example 2

A baby begins to suckle her mother's nipple and a few

drops of milk are released
the stimulus
This encourages the baby to suckle making the mother
release a hormone which further stimulates the release of
milk .
the response
The hungry baby continues to suckle, stimulating more milk
release until she stops.
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 Situation 1
When the temperature gets too
hot, certain bees release a
signal to the rest of the colony to
begin a specific behavior. The
bees evaporate water from their
mouths and fan their wings to
significantly decrease the
temperature.
Negative Feedback

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 Situation 2
Jane is in a very long walk in the
mountains, and her body is
experiencing dehydration.
Hypothalamus stimulate the
secretion of antidiuretic hormone
which works to decrease urine
production, allowing the body to
conserve fluids.
Negative Feedback

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 Situation 3
When a ligament is torn or injured,
a chemical is released. This
chemical causes platelets in the
blood to activate. Once these
platelets have activated, they
release a chemical which signals
more platelets to activate, until the
wound is clotted.
Positive Feedback

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 FEEDBACK LOOPS

Stimulus Receptor

Relay Effector Response

STIMULUS
The change from ideal
or resting conditions.

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RECEPTOR
The cells or tissue
which detects the
change due to the
stimulus.

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 SENSORY RECEPTORS
- specialized neurons or epithelial cells
that detects stimulus

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Activity 3:
Connect
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Me
 Sensory neurons that cause negative reaction

Converters chemical substance and creates

biological signal

SENSORY RECEPTORS
Stimulated by mechanical energy such as

1. Mechanoreceptors vibrations and motion.

2. Thermoreceptors
Respond heat and cold
3. Chemoreceptors

4. Photoreceptors
Detect radiation and any form of visible light
5. Pain Receptors
 WHAT TYPE OF RECEPTOR ???
A polar bear can function both
During cold season, the body
in a zoo during summer heat
regulates its temperature,
and on an ice floe in frigid
warming more the body from
Arctic waters.
within.

The reflex withdrawal of the hand

from a flame
When oxygen is low,
a signal is triggered
to increase respiration
Withdrawal response from danger
 RELAY
The transmission of
the message, via
nerves or hormones or
both, to the effector.

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 EFFECTOR
The cells or tissue,
usually a gland or
muscles, which cause the
response to happen.

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RESPONSE
An action responding
to the stimulus.

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If blood temperature rises too high, specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the
brain sense the change. These neurons signal other nerve centers, which in turn
send signals to the blood vessels of the skin. As these blood vessels dilate, more
blood flows close to the body surface and excess heat radiates from the body.

Stimulus Blood temperature rises too high

Receptor Skin- Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain

Relay neurons

Effector Blood vessels

blood vessels dilate, more blood flows close to the body
Reponse
surface and excess heat radiates from the body

Feedback Negative
During childbirth stretching of the uterus triggers the secretion of the
hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions and speeds
up labor

Stimulus Childbirth/ stretching of the uterus

Receptor Uterus: mechanoreceptors (Uterine receptors)

Relay
neurons

Effector Pituitary Gland

secretion of the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine
Reponse contractions and speeds up labor

Feedback Positive
If blood temperature rises too high, specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the
brain sense the change. These neurons signal other nerve centers, which in turn
send signals to the blood vessels of the skin. As these blood vessels dilate, more
blood flows close to the body surface and excess heat radiates from the body.

Stimulus Blood temperature rises too high

Receptor Skin- Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain

Relay neurons

Effector Blood vessels

blood vessels dilate, more blood flows close to the body
Reponse
surface and excess heat radiates from the body

Feedback Negative
Blood glucose concentrations rise after a sugary meal, the hormone
insulin is released and it speeds up the transport of glucose out of the
blood and into selected tissues, so blood glucose concentrations
decrease.
Stimulus Blood glucose concentrations rise after a sugary meal

Receptor Blood Vessel: Chemoreceptors

Relay
neurons

Effector Pancreas
the hormone insulin is released and it speeds up the
Reponse transport of glucose out of the blood and into selected
tissues, so blood glucose concentrations decrease

Feedback Negative Feedback

A baby begins to suckle her mother's nipple and a few drops of milk are
released This encourages the baby and releases a hormone in the mother
which further stimulates the release of milk The hungry baby continues to
suckle, stimulating more milk release until she stops.

Stimulus Baby suckles mother’s nipples and few drops of milk are released

Receptor Chemoreceptors

Relay
neurons

Effector Pituitary Gland/Endocrine Gland

The hungry baby continues to suckle, stimulating more milk
Reponse release until she stops.

Feedback Positive
During childbirth stretching of the uterus triggers the secretion of the
hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions and speeds
up labor
Stimulus Childbirth/ stretching of the uterus

Receptor Uterus: mechanoreceptors

Relay
neurons

Effector Pituitary Gland

secretion of the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine
Reponse contractions and speeds up labor

Feedback Positive
 The salt concentration is then too high in the fish, and salt ions in the fish cells must
be released through excretion. This occurs via the skin, and in very concentrated
urine. In addition, high salt levels in the blood are removed via active transport by the
chloride secretory cells in the gills. The correct salt concentration is thus maintained.

Stimulus Salt concentration is too high.

Receptor Fish: chemoreceptors

Relay
neurons

Effector Skin: Chloride secretory cells

the blood are removed via active transport by the chloride secretory
Reponse cells in the gills. The correct salt concentration is thus maintained.

Feedback Negative
If the blood temperature falls too low, specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of
the brain sense the change and signals are sent to the cutaneous arteries (those
supplying the skin) to constrict them. Warm blood is then retained deeper in the
body and less heat is lost from the surface to regain normal conditions.

Stimulus Blood temperature falls too low

Receptor Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain

Relay neurons

Effector Blood vessels/ Cutaneous arteries

Cutaneous arteries consctrict, Warm blood is then retained
Reponse
deeper in the body and less heat is lost from the surface.

Feedback Negative