Opening Prayer

3
 St. Augustine’s Prayer to the Holy Spirit
Breathe in us O Holy Spirit,
that our thoughts may all be holy.
Act in us O Holy Spirit, that our work, too, may be holy.
Draw our hearts O Holy Spirit, that we’ll love what is
holy.
Strengthen us O Holy Spirit, to defend all that is holy.
Guard us, then, O Holy Spirit,
that we will always may be holy.
Amen. 4
Recap

5
If the blood temperature falls too low, specialized neurons in the
hypothalamus of the brain sense the change and signals are sent to the
cutaneous arteries (those supplying the skin) to constrict them. Warm blood
is then retained deeper in the body and less heat is lost from the surface to
regain normal conditions.
Stimulus Blood temperature falls too low

Receptor Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain

Relay neurons

Effector Blood vessels/ Cutaneous arteries

Cutaneous arteries consctrict, Warm blood is then retained
Reponse
deeper in the body and less heat is lost from the surface.

Feedback Negative
In fresh water salmon suffer from salt loss and water loading. Receptors detect the high
concentration of water within the blood to stimulate the pituitary glands to release a
hormone into the bloodstream. The hormone causes the transport of ions to take
place within the gill membrane. The salmon will not drink much and a large quantity of
water is expelled.

Stimulus In fresh water salmon suffer from salt loss and water loading

Receptor Chemoreceptors in the blood

Relay neurons

Effector Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland release a hormone into the bloodstream, the hormone
Response causes the transport of ions to take place within the gill membrane. The
salmon will not drink much and a large quantity of water is expelled.

Feedback Negative
 At night going
home, you heard a
bang and you saw a
person dead shot.
The culprit saw you
and suddenly you
sweat a lot and
started running.
What Organ
System/s are
responsible for this
reaction?
8
How many body systems
do we have?
10
 Compare
Explain howandsome
contrast the following
organisms processes
maintain steady in conditions
internal plants and(e.g.,
animals:
reproduction,
temperaturedevelopment, nutrition,
regulation, osmotic gas and
balance exchange,
glucose transport/
levels) that circulation,
possess
regulation of structures
various body fluids,
andchemical
processes and nervous control, immune systems, and
sensory and motor mechanisms.
 HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

Digestive Respiratory Circulatory

Reproductive System System System System
BLOOD
REPRODUCTION DIGESTION GAS EXCHANGE CIRCULATION
 HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

Excretory Skeletal Muscular Integumentary

System System System System
RELEASE OF MOTOR
FLUID & WASTE BODY SUPPORT MECHANISMS PROTECTION
 HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

Nervous Endocrine Lymphatic

System System System
NERVOUS HORMONAL
CONTROL BALANCE IMMUNITY
 Activity
✘Your Organ
Sounds Familiar

15
 I am in your chest.
You have two of me.
I help you breathe.

LUNGS
 I am in your tummy.
I digest food.
I am pinkish and I look like a sack
STOMACH
the one that can eat
but can't be full.

MOUTH
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 I can be long, or I can be short.
I can be grown, and I can be bought.
I can be painted, or left bare.
I can be round, or I can be square.

FINGERNAILS
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I sometimes run, but I cannot walk.
You always follow me around. 

NOSE
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I am part of the muscular system.
I work very closely with skeletal
system
to help you move, pick up things,
and grab things.

MUSCLES
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I am the only organ
that named myself.

BRAIN
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From your feet up to your head
It is a type of liquid
And it is the color red

BLOOD
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A thick forest which grows
as fast as it is cut down.

HAIR
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OVARY

25
 SMALL
INTESTINE

26
LIVER

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FALLOPIAN
TUBE

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 TESTES
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 How does our body respond/work if someone taps you on the
shoulder?

When do you know if the wound is bleeding and painful?

Who tells you that your hungry and you need to eat?

How do you sustain your heartbeat in the body?

Nervous System
The Control
System of the
Body
Structural Classification of the Nervous System
Structural Classification of the Nervous System

Central Peripheral
Nervous Nervous
System System
Structural Classification of the Nervous System
Nervous System

CNS PNS

Spinal Sensory
Brain Cord Motor

Somatic Autonomic
Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory input – gather information/
sense change
(afferent) division
Integration – process and interpret
sensory input and decide if action is
needed.

Motor output- response to integrated

stimuli that activates muscles or glands
(efferent) division
 Neurons

1. Cell body: contains nucleus

& most of the cytoplasm
2. Dendrites: projections that
bring impulses into the neuron
to the cell body.
3. Axon: long projection that
carries impulses away from
cell body
 How Function
Body
much
Systems
of
the system do I know
Major Organs
aboutoccur my body systems?
Processes that Interactions-Working with Other
Systems (How?)
 Gro

Endocrine System
Purpose Endocrine System
The Endocrine system serves a lot of different functions.

1 2Growth and development.

How your body uses energy.

5
3 4
Appetite.

Levels of salts and sugars in your blood.

The amount (volume) of fluid in your body.

41
 Gro

The master gland
The pituitary secretes
hormones that signal to
the glands how much
hormones they need to
secrete.
 Thyroxine Regulates metabolism
Thyroid
Calcitonin Inhibits release of calcium from the bones
Parathyroid Parathyroid Stimulates the release of calcium from the bones.
hormone
Islet cells (in Insulin Decreases blood sugar by promoting uptake of
the pancreas) glucose by cells.
Glucagon Increases blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of
glycogen in the liver.
Testes Testosterone Regulates sperm cell production and secondary
sex characteristics.
Ovaries Estrogen Stimulates egg maturation, controls secondary sex
characteristics.
Progesterone Prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg.
Adrenal Epinephrine Stimulates “fight or flight” response.
cortex
Adrenal Glucocorticoids Part of stress response, increase blood glucose
medulla levels and decrease immune response.
Aldosterone Regulates sodium content in the blood.
Testosterone (in Adult body form (greater muscle mass), libido.
both sexes)
Pineal gland Melatonin Sleep cycles, reproductive cycles in
many mammals.
 Pituitary Hormone Functions

Follicle-stimulating Stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release of sex hormones.
hormone

Lutenizing hormone Stimulates maturation of egg and of the corpus luteum surrounding the egg, which
affects female sex hormones and the menstrual cycle.

Thyroid-stimulating Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine.

hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol.

hormone

Melanocyte-stimulating Stimulates synthesis of skin pigments.

hormone

Growth hormone Stimulates growth during infancy and puberty.

Antidiuretic hormone Signals the kidney to conserve more water.

Oxytocin Affects childbirth, lactation, and some behaviors.

Activity 3: Homeostasis
Feedback Loops

49
In childbirth, a baby moves down the birth canal stretching the cervix of the
mother’s uterus. Stretch receptors in the cervical tissue send messages to the
brain which triggers the secretion of oxytocin by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin
makes the mother’s contractions stronger, stretching the cervix more and
pushing the baby farther down the birth canal. 

Stimulus Stretching of the cervix in the mother’s uterus during childbirth

Receptor Stretch receptors/Mechanoreceptors

Relay neurons

Effector Pituitary Gland

Secretion of oxytocin by the pituitary gland making the contractions stronger,
Reponse stretching the cervix more and pushing the baby farther down the birth canal. 

Feedback Positive
Anything can trigger allergies like dust mites, animal dander and insect stings.
Having allergic reactions cause inflammation and swelling of the lining of your
nose. Glucocorticoids are secreted naturally by our adrenal gland in response
to stress and inflammation.  This helps reduce the internal damage reaction in
the body.
Having allergic reactions cause inflammation and swelling of the lining of
Stimulus your nose.

Receptor Chemoreceptors

Relay neurons

Effector Adrenal gland

Glucocorticoids are secreted naturally by our adrenal gland in response to stress
Reponse and inflammation.  This helps reduce the internal damage reaction in the body.

Feedback Negative
 Low thyroxine levels in the bloodstream stimulate the hypothalamus
to release hormones. These hormones cause the pituitary to release TSH
(Thyroid stimulating hormone ) for the thyroid to release more thyroxine so
blood levels return to normal.

Stimulus Low thyroxine levels in the bloodstream

Receptor Chemoreceptors/Blood tissues

Relay neurons

Effector Pituitary Gland- Thyroid stimulating hormone-Thyroid

Pituitary release TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone ) for the thyroid to
Reponse
release more thyroxine so blood levels return to normal.
Feedback Negative
 Gro

Mechanisms of Chemical Control

in Plants
 • Auxin - regulates plant growth that initiate cell elongation in stems and
leaves.
• Cytokinins - responsible for
• Abscisic acid -
the regulation of cell division, which
influences the growth through the promotes stomatal
root and shoots meristems. closure and triggers responses
associated with stress.
• Ethylene - responsible for
• Gibberellins - control shoot promoting the ripening of the
elongation, seed germination, fruits and wilting of flowers. It is
and the maturation of fruits and also the primary hormone that
flowers. regulates the abscission of
leaves.
A plant is kept inside a box and grow slow with a little amount of light. Auxin
stimulates the shoot to likely bend in accordance to light causing more auxins
to accumulate on the side in the shade which makes the stems grow
(ELONGATE) faster thus maximizing photosynthesis. 

A plant is kept inside a box and photosynthesize slow with a little amount
Stimulus
of light.

Receptor Plant photoreceptors/Chlorophyll

Relay Plant cells (cell signaling)

Effector Plant Hormone: Auxin

The shoot bends to reach light and more auxin accumulates which
Reponse
makes the stems grow faster thus maximizing photosynthesis. 
Feedback Positive
Phototropism

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58
 Gravitropism

Negative
Gravitropism

Positive
Gravitropism

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 Thigmotropism
Thigmotropism is the directional response of a plant organ to touch
or physical contact with a solid object.

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 Thigmonasty
Non-directional nastic response of a plant or fungus to touch or vibration

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 Gro

Questions?