Elements of Engineering (ENGG111)

Strength of Materials

Lecture 07

Disclaimer: The information presented here are derived from various online sources and are used entirely for
educational purpose.
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Introduction
Strength of Materials
 A field of applied mechanics which studies the behavior of solid bodies under the action
of different types of loadings

 To determine stress, strain and deformation of structures

 Essential in the process of designing safe and economical structures

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Introduction
Strength of Materials Vs. Statics & Dynamics

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Introduction
Types of Loads
Dead Loads
Live/Fluctuating Loads
Inertial Loads
Centrifugal Loads
Environmental Loads
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Classification A
 Constant over time (self weight, immovable fixtures
such as walls, roofs, etc.), permanent loads
 Temporary (vibration, impact)
 Due to resistance to change in velocity
 Due to motion in a curved path (radially outwards)
 Due to weather topography and other natural
phenomenon (wind, snow, dust, temperature changes,
etc.)
2021
Introduction
Types of Loads
Classification B
Tensile Loads Torsional Loads Shearing Loads

Compressive Loads Bending Loads Combined

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Introduction
Types of Loads
Classification C
Concentrated Load

A B

Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)

A B

Uniformly Varying Load (UVL)

A B

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Introduction
Stress and its Types
 Internal resistance which the body offers to meet with the loads (Unit: Pa)

 Tension
 Simple or Direct Stress  Compression
 Shear

 Bending
 Indirect Stress
 Torsion

 Combined Stress  Combination of any of above

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Introduction
Strain
 Deformation produced by stress (Unit: m)
 When subjected to uniform axial
 Tensile Strain
stress length changes from to
where is the deformation
 Compressive  When subjected to compressive
Strain forces length reduces from to
where is the deformation
 Shear Strain  When subjected to shearing body
 distorts through to
When subjected anshearing
angle body
distorts
 Volumetric Strain  Ratio through
between an angle
change in volume
and original volume
 Ratio between change in volume
and original volume

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Introduction
Hooke’s Law
 
 Within elastic limit, stress varies directly as strain.

 The constant ‘E’ is Modulus of Elasticity.

 Elastic limit: The limiting value of load up to which the strain totally disappears on the
removal of load (gives rise to the concept of elastic and plastic bodies – elastic body
retains original position on removal of force unlike plastic body)

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Introduction
Elastic, Shear and Bulk Modulus
Elastic Modulus/ Shear Modulus/ Bulk Modulus/
Modulus of Elasticity (E) Modulus of Rigidity (G) Volume Modulus (K or B)
 Measures resistance to being  Ratio of shear stress to shear  Measure of how resistant a
deformed elastically (non- strain substance is to compression
permanently) when stress is  Ratio of pressure increase to
applied resulting relative decrease in
 Depends on slope of stress – volume
strain curve in the elastic
deformation region
 Higher stiffness, higher E

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Introduction
Stress – Strain Curve
 Relationship between stress and strain that a
particular material displays

 Unique for each material

 Found by recording amount of deformation

(strain) at distinct intervals of tensile or
compressive loading (stress)

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Introduction
Stress – Strain Curve
  OP : , linear behavior, P  Proportional limit (no longer linear after
P)
 PE : Smaller slope (rapid increment of strain), E  Elastic limit
(curve almost horizontal)
 EY : Considerable elongation at negligible increase in load
(yielding), plastic behavior (deformation without increase in load, 10-
15 times more that within OP region for mild steel) – perfectly plastic
region, Y  Yield point, begins strain hardening (change in atomic
and crystalline structure increasing resistance to deformation) so
requires more load to elongate
 YU : Increase in tensile load, positive slope, U  Maximum tensile
stress/ultimate stress, U  Necking begins
 UR : Decrease in load, R  Rupture

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Introduction
Stress – Strain Curve

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Introduction
Factor of Safety
 Ability of a system’s structural capacity to be viable beyond its expected or actual loads

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Introduction
Elasticity Vs. Plasticity
 Plasticity: Characteristic of a material by which it undergoes
inelastic strains beyond elastic limit
 When large deformations occur in a ductile material loaded
into the plastic region, the material is said to undergo plastic
flow.
 If the material remains within the elastic range, it can be
loaded, unloaded, and loaded again without significantly
changing the behavior. However, when loaded into the plastic
range, the internal structure of the material is altered and its
properties change.

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Introduction
Poisson's Ratio
 

 There will be increase in length and corresponding

decrease in cross sectional area of the body. In this case,
linear or primary strain will be tensile and secondary or
lateral or transverse strain compressive.

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 Thank You!

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